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T. Nöldeke and Euting, J.,
Kurzgefasste syrische Grammatik, 2nd ed. Leipzig: Chr. Herm. Tauchnitz, 1898.
S. K. Samir,
L’Éphrem arabe: Etat des travaux. Rome: Pontifical Institute of Oriental Studies, 1978.
G. Le Strange,
The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1905.
P. - E. Dion,
La langue de Ya‘udi. Waterloo: Corporation for the Publication of Academic Studies in Religion in Canada, 1974.
H. Delehaye, Peeters, P., and Attwater, D., Eds.,
Legends of the Saints, Reprinted edition. New York: Fordham University Press, 1962.
C. Brockelmann,
Lexicon Syriacum, 1st ed. Edinburgh; Berlin: T&T Clark; Reuther & Reichard, 1895.
C. Brockelmann,
Lexicon Syriacum, 2nd ed. Halis Saxonum: Sumptibus M. Niemeyer, 1928.