Syriac Studies Introduction

NB: the bibliographies below are mostly presented in chronological order of publication.  ** Denotes useful introductory works. 

Works Cited

INTRODUCTIONS

• **S. P. Brock and Emerton, J. A., “An Introduction to Syriac Studies”, in Horizons in Semitic Studies: Articles for the Student, Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1980, pp. 1–33.
• **M. Albert, “Langue et litterature syriaques”, in Christianismes orientaux: Introduction à l'étude des langues et des littératures, Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1993, pp. 297–375.
• P. - H. Poirier, “La documentation patristique dans le domaine syriaque”, in La documentation patristique, J. - C. Fredouille and Roberge, R. M., Eds. Quebec: Laval University Press, 1995, pp. 149–155.
• P. Bettiolo, “Lineamenti di patrologia siriaca”, in Complementi interdisciplinari di patrologia, A. Quacquarelli, Ed. Rome: Città Nuova, 1969, pp. 503-603.

Histories of Syriac Literature

• W. Wright, A Short History of Syriac Literature. London: Black, 1894.
• **R. Duval, La littérature syriaque. Paris: Victor Lecoffre, 1907.
  • Probably still the best general introduction.
• A. Baumstark, Geschichte der syrischen Literatur, mit Ausschluss der christlich-palästinensischen Texte. Bonn: A. Marcus and E. Webers, 1922.
  • The standard reference work.
• **J. - B. Chabot, Littérature syriaque. Paris: Librarie Bloud et Gay, 1935.
• D. L. O'Leary, Syriac Church and Fathers: A Brief Review of the Subject. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1909.
• **I. O. de Urbina, Patrologia Syriaca. Rome: Pontifical Institute, 1958.
  • Useful for a quick orientation.
• R. Macuch, Geschichte der spat- und neusyrischen Literatur. Berlin / New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1976.
  • Baumstark to present day, including Modern Syriac.
• **S. P. Brock, A brief outline of Syriac literature. Kottayam: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute, 1987. 
  • Includes main writers with bibliographies on select topics and samples from many writers in translation.
• P. Bettiolo, “Letteratura siriaca”, in Padri orientali (sec. V-VIII), vol. 1, Genova: Marietti, 2000, pp. 413-493.
• A. Barsoum, The scattered pearls : a history of Syriac literature and sciences, Revised. Piscataway: Gorgias Press, 2003.
  • Older version published as A. Barsoum, The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences, 2nd ed. New York, 1965. 

• There are important works by Middle Eastern scholars: 

  • A. Barsoum (in Arabic and Syriac; for English translation, see above); A. Abouna (Arabic), and P. Sarmas (Modern Syriac): these are used by Macuch. Much basic information is still to be found in J.S. Assemani, Bibliotheca Orientalis (1719–1728; 3 vols; reprinted, 1975).1
  • Useful and often substantial articles on some main Syriac writers can be found especially in the Dictionnaire de spiritualité2 and the Theologische Realenzyklopädie.3 Many briefer ones in Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche (2nd ed.).

Historical Background

No single work available, but the following are important:

• J. Labourt, Le christianisme dans l'empire perse sous la dynaste Sassanide (224-632). Paris: Lecoffre, 1904.
• **W. A. Wigram, An Introduction to the history of the Assyrian Church or the Church of the Sassanid Persian Empire 100-640 A.D. London: Christian Knowledge Society, 1910.
  • To the 7th cent.
• W. A. Wigram, The Separation of the Monophysites. London: Faith Press, 1923.
• J. - M. Fiey, Jalons pour une histoire de l'église en Iraq. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1970.
  • To the 7th cent.
• J. B. - Z. Segal, Edessa: "The Blessed City". Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.
• W. H. C. Frend, The rise of the monophysite movement: chapters in the history of the church in the fifth and sixth centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972.
• W. G. Young, “Patriarch, shah and caliph: a study of the relationships of the Church of the East with the Sassanid Empire and the early Caliphates up to 820 A.D. with special reference to available translated Syriac sources”, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, 1974. 
• S. Gero, Barsauma of Nisibis and Persian Christianity in the Fifth Century. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1981. 
• **W. S. MacCullough, A short history of Syriac Christianity to the rise of Islam. Chico: Scholars Press, 1982. 
• *S. H. Moffett, A History of Christianity in Asia: Beginnings to 1500, vol. 1, 2 vol. San Francisco: Harper, 1992.

For the Islamic period:

• P. Kawerau, Die jakobitische Kirche im Zeitalter der syrischen Renaissance: Idee und worklichkeit. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1955.
• W. Hage, Die syrisch-jakobitische Kirche in frühislamischen Zeit. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1966.
• H. Putman, L'Église et l'Islam sous Timothée I. Beirut: Dar el-Machreq, 1975.
• J. - M. Fiey, Chrétiens syriaques sous les Mongols. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1975.
• J. - M. Fiey, Chrétiens syriaques sous les Abbasides. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1980.
• I. Gillman and Klimkeit, H. - J., Christians in Asia before 1500. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999.
• E. Tisserant, “Nestorienne (église)”, Dictionnaire de théologie catholique, vol. 16, pp. 73-84, 1862.
  •  Pp. 73-84 

Topography

• E. Honigmann, Évêques et évêchés monophysites au VIe siècle. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1951.
• E. Honigmann, Le couvent de Barsauma et le patriarcat jacobite. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1954.
• J. - M. Fiey, Assyrie chrétienne, 3 vol. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1968. 
• J. - M. Fiey, Nisibe: métropole syriaque orientale et ses suffragants des origines à nos jours. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1977.
• J. - M. Fiey, Communautes syriaques en Iran et Iraq des origines à 1552. London: Variorum Reprints, 1979.
• D. Wilmshurst, The ecclesiastical organisation of the Church of the East, 1318 - 1913. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 2000.
• Many useful articles in Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastique.

Miscellaneous, and collections of articles

• A. Vööbus, A History of Asceticism in the Syrian Orient (I), vol. 1, 3 vol. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1958.
• A. Vööbus, A History of Asceticism in the Syrian Orient (II), vol. 2, 3 vol. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1960.
• A. Vööbus, A History of Asceticism in the Syrian Orient (III), vol. 3, 3 vol. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1988.
• A. Vööbus, History of the School of Nisibis. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1965.
• **R. Murray, Symbols of Church and Kingdom: A Study in Early Syriac Tradition, 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.
  • Second edition: R. Murray, Symbols of Church and Kingdom: A Study in Early Syriac Tradition, 2nd ed. London/New York: T&T Clark, 2006.
• N. G. Garsoïan, Mathews, T. F., and Thomson, R. W., East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the formative period. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Center for Byzantine Studies, 1982.
• **S. Beggiani, Early Syriac theology: with special reference to the Maronite tradition, Revised. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2014.
• S. Beggiani, Introduction to Eastern Christian Sprituality: The Syriac Tradition. Scranton: University of Scranton Press, 1991. 
• **H. J. W. Drijvers, East of Antioch. London: Variorum Reprints, 1984.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, History and Religion in Late Antique Syria. Aldershot Brookfield: Variorum, 1994. 
• **S. P. Brock, Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity. Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 1984.
• S. P. Brock, Studies in Syriac christianity: history, literature and theology. Aldershot: Variorum, 2001.
• **J. F. Coakley and Parry, K., Eds., “The Church of the East: Life and Thought”, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, vol. 78, no. 3, 1996.
• Symposium Syriacum I–VII = Orientalia Christiana Analecta 197, 205, 221, 229, 236, 247, 256.4
• Festschriften for the following scholars contain many articles on Syriac studies: G. Khouri-Sarkis (1969); F. Graffin (1974); A. Vööbus (1977); W. Strothmann (1978); A. van Roey (1985); A. Guillaumont (1988); W. Hage (1995); J-M. Fiey (1996); S.P. Brock (1996); H.J.W. Drijvers (1999).

Bibliographies

• C. Moss, Catalogue of Syriac Printed Books and Related Literature in the British Museum. London: British Museum, 1962.
• S. P. Brock, Syriac Studies: A Classified Bibliography (1960–1990). Lebanon: Université Saint-Esprit de Kaslik, 1996.
• S. P. Brock, “Syriac Studies: A Classified Bibliography (1991–1995)”, Parole de l'Orient, vol. 23, pp. 241-350, 1998.
• S. P. Brock, “Select bibliography”, in Classical Syriac: a basic grammar with a chrestomathy, 2nd ed., T. Muraoka, Ed. Harrassowitz: Wiesbaden, 2005, pp. 127-156.

History of Syriac Studies

• W. Strothmann and Widmannstetter, J. A., Die Anfange der syrischen Studien in Europa, vol. 1. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1971.
• S. P. Brock, “The Development of Syriac Studies”, in The Edward Hincks Bicentenary Lectures, K. J. Cathcart, Ed. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1994, pp. 94–113.
• S. P. Brock, “Syriac Studies in the Last Three Decades: Some Reflections”, in VI Symposium Syriacum 1992 : University of Cambridge, Faculty of Divinity, 30 August-2 September 1992, R. Lavenant, Ed. Rome: Oriental Pontifical Institute, 1994, pp. 13–29.
• A. de Halleux, “Vingt ans d'étude critique des églises syriaques”, in The Christian East, its institutions & its thought: a critical reflection; papers of the International Scholary [sic] Congress for the 75th Anniversary of the Pontifical Oriental Institute, Rome, 30 May-5 June 1993, R. F. Taft, Ed. Rome: Oriental Institute, 1996, pp. 145–179.

Text Series

• Patrologia Syriaca (PS; 3 vols), with Latin translation.
  • J. Parisot, Aphraatis Sapientis Persae Demonstrationes, vol. 1. Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1894.
  • J. Parisot, Aphraatis Sapientis Persae Demonstrationes, vol. 2. Paris: Firmin-Didot et socii, 1907.
  • M. Kmosko, Liber Graduum. Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1926.
• Patrologia Orientalis (PO; in progress; many Syriac texts, with translation).
  • If volumes are available online you will find a list at R. Pearse, “Patrologia Orientalis (PO) PDF's”. 2012.
• Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium (CSCO), Scriptores Syri (in progress; text and translation in separate volumes).
• Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe Syriaca (GOFS; in progress; with German translation).

Main relevant periodicals:

• L'Orient syrien (1956–1967) [index in Memorial G. Khouri Sarkis (1969)]
  • “L'Orient syrien”. 1956.
• Parole de l'orient
  • ​“Parole de l’orient”. 1970.
• Oriens Christianus
  • ​“Oriens Christianus”. 1901.
• Orientalia Christiana Periodica
  • ​“Orientalia Christiana Periodica”. 1935.
• Le Muséon
  • ​“Le Muséon: Revue d'études orientales”. 1881.
• Analecta Bollandiana [for hagiography]
  • “Analecta bollandiana”. 1882.
• The Harp
  • ​“The Harp: a review of Syriac and Oriental studies”. 1978.​
• Aram
  • ​“ARAM Periodical”. 1989.
• Revue de l'orient chrétien [Includes many important articles despite being long defunct]
  • “Revue de l’orient chrétien”. 1896.
• Journal of the Aramaic Bible
  • ​“Journal for the Aramaic Bible”. 1999.
• Hugoye
  • “Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies”. 1998.

 

EARLY SYRIAC CHRISTIANITY (General)

• L. W. Barnard, “The Origins and Emergence of the Church in Edessa during the First Two Centuries”, Vigiliae Christianae, vol. 22, pp. 161–175, 1968.
• W. Bauer, Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1934.
• S. Beggiani, Early Syriac theology: with special reference to the Maronite tradition, Revised. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2014.
• S. Beggiani, Introduction to Eastern Christian Sprituality: The Syriac Tradition. Scranton: University of Scranton Press, 1991.
• S. P. Brock, Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity. Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 1984.
• S. P. Brock, Studies in Syriac christianity: history, literature and theology. Aldershot: Variorum, 2001.
• S. P. Brock, “Eusebius and Syriac Christianity”, in Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism, H. W. Attridge and Hata, G., Eds. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1992, pp. 212–234.
• S. P. Brock, “Greek and Syriac in Late Antique Syria”, in Literacy Power in the Ancient World, A. K. Bowman and Woolf, G., Eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 149–160.
  • Not fully available online
• D. D. Bundy, “Christianity in Syria”, in Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 1, 6 vol., D. N. Freedman, Ed. New York: Doubleday, 1992, pp. 970–979.
• F. C. Burkitt, Early eastern Christianity: St. Margaret's lectures, 1904, on the Syriac-speaking church. London: John Murray, 1904.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, East of Antioch. London: Variorum Reprints, 1984.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, History and Religion in Late Antique Syria. Aldershot Brookfield: Variorum, 1994.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Jews and Christians at Edessa”, Journal of Jewish Studies, vol. 36, pp. 88-102, 1985.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Syrian Christianity and Judaism”, in The Jews Among Pagans and Christians in the Roman Empire, J. Lieu, North, J., and Rajak, T., Eds. London: Routledge, 1992, pp. 124–146.
• F. Millar, The Roman near East 31 B.C.-337 A.D. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1997.
• R. Murray, Symbols of Church and Kingdom: A Study in Early Syriac Tradition, 2nd ed. London/New York: T&T Clark, 2006.
• R. Murray, “The Features of the Earliest Christian Asceticism”, in Christian Spirituality: Studies in Honour of E.G. Rupp, P. Brooks, Ed. London: SCM Press, 1975, pp. 65-77.
• R. Murray, “The Characteristics of Earliest Syriac Christianity”, in East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the formative period, N. G. Garsoïan, Mathews, T. F., and Thomson, R. W., Eds. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Center for Byzantine Studies, 1982, pp. 3-16.
• J. B. - Z. Segal, Edessa: "The Blessed City". Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.
• J. B. - Z. Segal, “When did Christianity come to Edessa? ”, in Middle East Studies and Libraries, J. D. Pearson and Bloomfield, B. C., Eds. London: Mansell, 1980, pp. 179–191. 
• M. Weitzman, “From Judaism to Christianity: the Syriac Version of the Hebrew Bible”, in The Jews Among Pagans and Christians in the Roman Empire, J. Lieu, North, J., and Rajak, T., Eds. London: Routledge, 1992, pp. 147–173.

 

THE ORIGINS AND CHARACTER OF EARLY SYRIAC CHRISTIANITY (Topical)

Earliest Syriac Christianity

• F. C. Burkitt, Early eastern Christianity: St. Margaret's lectures, 1904, on the Syriac-speaking church. London: John Murray, 1904.
• H. E. W. Turner, The pattern of Christian truth: a study in the relations between orthodoxy and heresy in the early church; Bampton lectures 1954. London: A.R. Mowbray & Co, 1954.
  • Pp. 39–46 partially available at Google Books.
  • Pp. 85–94 partially available at Google Books.
• J. C. L. Gibson, “From Qumran to Edessa, or the Aramaic speaking church before and after AD 70”, Annual of the Leeds University Oriental Society , vol. 5, pp. 24–39, 1965.
• L. W. Barnard, “The Origins and Emergence of the Church in Edessa during the First Two Centuries”, Vigiliae Christianae, vol. 22, pp. 161–175, 1968.

Judaism and Early Syriac Christianity

• W. Bauer, Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1934.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Facts and Problems in Early Syriac-Speaking Christianity”, The Second Century , vol. 2, pp. 157–175, 1984.
  • Reprinted in H. J. W. Drijvers, East of Antioch. London: Variorum Reprints, 1984.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Jews and Christians at Edessa”, Journal of Jewish Studies, vol. 36, pp. 88-102, 1985. 
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Syrian Christianity and Judaism”, in The Jews Among Pagans and Christians in the Roman Empire, J. Lieu, North, J., and Rajak, T., Eds. London: Routledge, 1992, pp. 124–146.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Early Syriac Christianity: Some Recent Publications”, Vigiliae Christianae, vol. 50, pp. 159-177, 1996.

Early Syriac Theology

• R. Murray, Symbols of Church and Kingdom: A Study in Early Syriac Tradition, 2nd ed. London/New York: T&T Clark, 2006.
• R. Murray, “The Characteristics of Earliest Syriac Christianity”, in East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the formative period, N. G. Garsoïan, Mathews, T. F., and Thomson, R. W., Eds. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Center for Byzantine Studies, 1982, pp. 3-16.

Syriac Christianity at Edessa

• D. D. Bundy, “Christianity in Syria”, in Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 1, 6 vol., D. N. Freedman, Ed. New York: Doubleday, 1992, pp. 970–979.
• A. F. J. Klijn, “Christianity in Edessa and the Gospel of Thomas”, Novum Testamentum, vol. 14, pp. 70-77, 1972.
• J. B. - Z. Segal, Edessa: "The Blessed City". Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.
• J. B. - Z. Segal, “When did Christianity come to Edessa? ”, in Middle East Studies and Libraries, J. D. Pearson and Bloomfield, B. C., Eds. London: Mansell, 1980, pp. 179–191.

ADDAI LEGEND

• Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 1.13.
  • W. Wright and McLean, N., The Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius in Syriac Edited from the Manuscripts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1898.
    • Syriac Text
  • E. Nestle, Die Kirchengeschichte des Eusebius aus dem Syrischen übersetzt. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs, 1901.
    • German Translation
• G. Howard, The Teaching of Addai. Chico: Scholars Press, 1981.
• S. P. Brock, “Eusebius and Syriac Christianity”, in Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism, H. W. Attridge and Hata, G., Eds. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1992, pp. 212–234.

EDESSA ICON AND TURIN SHROUD

• A. Cameron, The sceptic and the shroud: an inaugural lecture in the Departments of Classics and History delivered at King's College London on 29th April 1980. London: King's College London, 1980.
  • Reprinted in A. Cameron, “The Sceptic and the Shroud”, in Continuity and change in sixth-century Byzantium, London: Variorum Reprints, 1981.

EVIDENCE OF THE SYRIAC OLD TESTAMENT

• S. P. Brock, “The Peshitta Old Testament Between Judaism and Christianity”, Cristianesimo nella Storia, vol. 19, pp. 483–502, 1988.
• M. Weitzman, “From Judaism to Christianity: the Syriac Version of the Hebrew Bible”, in The Jews Among Pagans and Christians in the Roman Empire, J. Lieu, North, J., and Rajak, T., Eds. London: Routledge, 1992, pp. 147–173.
• M. Weitzman, The Syriac Version of the Old Testament. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • See ch.5.

EARLY INSCRIPTIONS AND THREE LEGAL DOCUMENTS IN SYRIAC (DATED 240, 242, AND 243 CE)

• S. P. Brock, “Some New Syriac Documents from the Third Century AD”, ARAM, vol. 3, pp. 259–267, 1991.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “A Tomb for the Life of a King: A Recently Discovered Edessene Mosaic with a Portrait of King Abgar the Great”, Le Muséon, vol. 95, pp. 167–189, 1982.
  • Compare J. B. - Z. Segal, “A note on a mosaic from Edessa”, Syria, vol. 60, pp. 107–110, 1983.
• H. J. W. Drijvers and Healey, J. F., The Old Syriac Inscriptions of Edessa and Osrhoene: texts, translations and commentary, vol. 42. Leiden: Brill, 1999.
• F. Millar, The Roman near East 31 B.C.-337 A.D. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1997.
  • Pp. 452–488.

 

DISCERNING THE CHARACTER OF EARLY EDESSENE CHRISTIANITY: SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

• F. C. Burkitt, Early eastern Christianity: St. Margaret's lectures, 1904, on the Syriac-speaking church. London: John Murray, 1904.
  • Ch.1.
• W. Bauer, Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1934.
• H. E. W. Turner, The pattern of Christian truth: a study in the relations between orthodoxy and heresy in the early church; Bampton lectures 1954. London: A.R. Mowbray & Co, 1954.
  • Pp. 39–46 partially available at Google Books.
  • Pp. 85–94 partially available at Google Books.
• J. C. L. Gibson, “From Qumran to Edessa, or the Aramaic speaking church before and after AD 70”, Annual of the Leeds University Oriental Society , vol. 5, pp. 24–39, 1965.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, The book of the laws of countries: dialogue on fate of Bardaiṣan of Edessa. Assen: Van Gorcum & Comp, 1965.
• H. Koster, “Gnomai diaphorai”, Harvard Theological Review , vol. 58, pp. 290–306, 1965.
• L. W. Barnard, “The Origins and Emergence of the Church in Edessa during the First Two Centuries”, Vigiliae Christianae, vol. 22, pp. 161–175, 1968.
• J. B. - Z. Segal, Edessa: "The Blessed City". Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.
• A. F. J. Klijn, “Christianity in Edessa and the Gospel of Thomas”, Novum Testamentum, vol. 14, pp. 70-77, 1972.
• R. Murray, Symbols of Church and Kingdom: A Study in Early Syriac Tradition, 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.
• S. P. Brock, “Some Aspects of Greek Words in Syriac”, in Synkretismus im syrisch-persischen Kulturgebiet, A. Dietrich, Ed. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1975, pp. 80–108.
  • Reprinted in S. P. Brock, Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity. Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 1984.
• S. P. Brock, “Jewish Traditions in Syriac Sources”, Journal of Jewish Studies, vol. 30, pp. 212–232, 1979.
• J. B. - Z. Segal, “When did Christianity come to Edessa? ”, in Middle East Studies and Libraries, J. D. Pearson and Bloomfield, B. C., Eds. London: Mansell, 1980, pp. 179–191.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, Cults and Beliefs at Edessa. Leiden: Brill, 1980.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Edessa”, Theologische Realenzyklopädie, vol. 9, pp. 177–188, 1981.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “A Tomb for the Life of a King: A Recently Discovered Edessene Mosaic with a Portrait of King Abgar the Great”, Le Muséon, vol. 95, pp. 167–189, 1982.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Facts and Problems in Early Syriac-Speaking Christianity”, The Second Century , vol. 2, pp. 157–175, 1984.
• R. Murray, “The Characteristics of Earliest Syriac Christianity”, in East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the formative period, N. G. Garsoïan, Mathews, T. F., and Thomson, R. W., Eds. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Center for Byzantine Studies, 1982, pp. 3-16.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “East of Antioch”, in East of Antioch, London: Variorum Reprints, 1984.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Jews and Christians at Edessa”, Journal of Jewish Studies, vol. 36, pp. 88-102, 1985.
• S. P. Brock, “The Lost Old Syriac at Luke 1:35 and the Earliest Syriac Terms for the Incarnation”, in Gospel Traditions in the Second Century, W. L. Petersen and Aland, B., Eds. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame press, 1989, pp. 117–131.
• J. Teixidor, “Deux documents syriaques du IIIe siècle après J-C provenant du Moyen Euphrate”, Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, vol. 134, no. 1, pp. 146–166, 1990.
• J. Joosten, “The Old Testament Quotations in the Old Syriac and Peshitta Gospels: A Contribution to the Study of the Diatessaron”, Textus, vol. 15, pp. 55-76, 1990.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Syrian Christianity and Judaism”, in The Jews Among Pagans and Christians in the Roman Empire, J. Lieu, North, J., and Rajak, T., Eds. London: Routledge, 1992, pp. 124–146.
• M. Weitzman, “From Judaism to Christianity: the Syriac Version of the Hebrew Bible”, in The Jews Among Pagans and Christians in the Roman Empire, J. Lieu, North, J., and Rajak, T., Eds. London: Routledge, 1992, pp. 147–173.
• S. P. Brock, “Eusebius and Syriac Christianity”, in Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism, H. W. Attridge and Hata, G., Eds. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1992, pp. 212–234.
• S. P. Brock, “Some New Syriac Documents from the Third Century AD”, ARAM, vol. 3, pp. 259–267, 1991.
• J. Teixidor, “Un document syriaque de fermage de 242 après J-C”, Semitica, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 195–208, 1993.
• F. Millar, The Roman near East 31 B.C.-337 A.D. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1997.
• S. P. Brock, “Historical Fiction in Fifth-Century Edessa: The Teaching of Addai and Some Related Texts”, in Edessa from the fourth century to the Arab conquest: Syriac Studies Symposium , Brown University, 1991.

 

THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLASSICAL SYRIAC

ARCHAIC FEATURES IN EARLY WRITINGS

• F. C. Burkitt, Evangelion da-Mepharreshe the Curetonian Version of the Four Gospels, with the Readings of the Sinai Palimpsest and the Early Syriac Patristic Evidence, vol. 1, 2 vol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1904.
• M. Black and Vermes, G., An Aramaic Approach to the Gospels and Acts, 3rd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
  • Appendix A = "The West Aramaic Elements in the Old Syriac Gospels".
• K. Beyer, “Der reichsaramaische Einschlag in der ältesten syrischen Literatur”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, vol. 116, no. 2, pp. 242–254, 1966.
• P. Wernberg-Møller, “Some Scribal and Linguistic Features of the Genesis Part of the Oldest Peshitta Manuscript (BM Add 14425)”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 136–161, 1968.
• J. Joosten, “West Aramaic Elements in the Old Syriac and Peshitta Gospels”, Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 110, no. 2, pp. 271-289, 1991.
• J. Joosten, “Two West Aramaic Elements in the Old Syriac and Peshitta Gospels”, Biblische Notizen, vol. 61, pp. 17–21, 1992.
• J. Joosten, “West Aramaic Elements in the Syriac Gospels: Methodological Considerations”, in VI Symposium Syriacum 1992 : University of Cambridge, Faculty of Divinity, 30 August-2 September 1992, R. Lavenant, Ed. Rome: Oriental Pontifical Institute, 1994, pp. 101–109.
• J. Joosten, The Syriac language of the Peshitta and old Syriac versions of Matthew: syntactic structure, inner-Syriac developments and translation technique. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996.
• L. van Rompay, “Some Preliminary Remarks on the Origins of Classical Syriac as a Standard Language: The Syriac Version of Eusebius of Caesarea's Ecclesiastical History”, in Semitic and Cushitic studies, G. Goldenberg and Raz, S., Eds. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1994, pp. 70–89.

EARLY SYRIAC WRITINGS

BARDAISAN

• H. J. W. Drijvers, The book of the laws of countries: dialogue on fate of Bardaiṣan of Edessa. Assen: Van Gorcum & Comp, 1965.. [Syriac and English translation]
• H. J. W. Drijvers, Bardaisan of Edessa , 2nd ed. Piscataway: Gorgias Press, 2014.. [Study of his teaching].
• J. Teixidor, Bardesane d'Edesse: la première philosophie syriaque. Paris: Ed. du Cerf, 1992.

PSEUDO-MELITO, Apology

• W. Cureton, “An Oration of Meliton the Philosopher”, in Spicilegium syriacum, containing remains of Bardesan, Meliton, Ambrose, and Mara bar Serapion, London: Rivingtons, 1855, pp. 41–51.

MARA bar SARAPION, Letter to his Son

• W. Cureton, “The Epistle of Mara, son of Serapion”, in Spicilegium syriacum, containing remains of Bardesan, Meliton, Ambrose, and Mara bar Serapion, London: Rivingtons, 1855, pp. 70-76.. [Syriac and English translation]
• K. McVey, “A Fresh Look at the Letter of Mara bar Sarapion to his Son”, in V Symposium Syriacum 1988: Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, 29-31 août 1988, Rome: Pontifical Institute of Oriental Studies, 1990, pp. 257–272.

MENANDER, Sentences

• T. Baarda, “The Sentences of the Syriac Menander (Third Century A.D.)”, in The Old Testament pseudepigrapha. 2, Expansions of the "Old Testament" and legends, wisdom and philosophical literature, prayers, psalms, and odes, fragments of lost Judeo-Hellenistic works, 2nd ed., vol. 2, 2 vol., J. H. Charlesworth, Ed. Hendrickson: Peabody, 2009, pp. 583–606.

ODES of SOLOMON

• J. H. Charlesworth, The Odes of Solomon. The Syriac Texts edited wth Translations and Notes. Chico: Scholars Press, 1977.
• J. H. Charlesworth, “Odes of Solomon (Late First to Early Second Century A.D.). A New Translation and Introduction”, in The Old Testament pseudepigrapha. 2, Expansions of the "Old Testament" and legends, wisdom and philosophical literature, prayers, psalms, and odes, fragments of lost Judeo-Hellenistic works, Revised., vol. 2, 2 vol., Peabody: Hendrickson, 2009, pp. 725-771. 
• J. A. Emerton, “The Odes of Solomon”, in The Apocryphal Old Testament , H. F. D. Sparkes, Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984, pp. 683-731.
• M. Lattke, Die Oden Salomos in ihrer Bedeutung für Neues Testament und Gnosis, 3 vol. Freiburg: University Publisher, 1979.
  • I (1979) [Syriac and German translation]
  • II (1979) [Concordance] 
  • III (1986) [Annotated bibliography]
• M. Franzmann, The Odes of Solomon: An Analysis of the Poetical Structure and Form. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1991.
• M. - J. Pierre and Martin, J. - M., Les Odes Salomon, vol. 4. Turnhout: Brepols, 1994.. [French translation]
• E. Azar, Les Odes de Salomon. Présentation et traduction. Paris: Editions du Cerf, 1996.. [French translation]
• M. Lattke, Ed., Oden Salomos. Freiburg: Herder, 1995.. [German translation]
• J. Danielou, “Odes de Salomon”, in Dictionnaire de la Bible: supplément. Mystères - passion, Paris: Letouzey & Ané, 1960, pp. cols. 677-684.
• H. Chadwick, “Some Reflections on the Character and Theology of the Odes of Solomon”, in Kyriakon: Festschrift J. Quasten, vol. 1, P. Granfield and Jungmann, J. A., Eds. Münster: Aschendorff, 1970, pp. 266-270.
• J. H. Charlesworth, John and Qumran. London: Geoffrey Chapman Publishers, 1972.
• M. Petit, “Odes de Salomon”, Dictionnaire de spiritualité, vol. 11, pp. col. 602-608, 1982. 
• D. E. Aune, “The Odes of Solomon and Early Christian Prophecy”, New Testament Studies, vol. 28, pp. 435-460, 1982.
• B. McNeil, “The Odes of Solomon and the Scriptures”, Oriens Christianus, vol. 67, pp. 104-122, 1983.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, East of Antioch. London: Variorum Reprints, 1984.
• M. Pierce, “Themes in the Odes of Solomon and Other Early Christian Writings and Their Baptismal Character”, Ephemerides Liturgicae, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 35-59, 1984.
• H. Hess, “Salvation Motifs in the Odes of Solomon”, Studia Patristica, vol. 20, pp. 182-190, 1989.
• M. Lattke, “Dating the Odes of Solomon”, Antichthon, vol. 27, pp. 45-59, 1993.

ACTS of THOMAS

• A. F. J. Klijn, The Acts of Thomas: Introduction, Text, and Commentary, 2nd ed. Leiden: Brill, 2003.. [English translation and commentary]
• A. F. J. Klijn, “The So-Called Hymn of the Pearl”, Vigiliae Christianae, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 154-164, 1960.
• H. Jonas, The gnostic religion: the message of the alien God and the beginnings of Christianity, 2nd ed. Boston: Beacon Press, 1963.
  • Ch.5
• P. - H. Poirier, L'Hymne de la Perle des Actes de Thomas. Louvain-La-Neuve: Center for the History of Religions, 1981.
• P. - H. Poirier, “L'Hymne de la Perle et le manicheisme”, in Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis. Atti del Simposio Internazionale (Rende-Amantea 3-7 Settembre 1984), L. Cirillo, Ed. Cosenza: Marra, 1986, pp. 235–248.

SYRIAC BIBLE

• C. van Puyvelde, “Versions syriaque”, Dictionnaire de la Bible: Supplément, vol. 6, pp. 834–884, 1960.
• A. Vööbus, “Syriac Versions”, in Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, Supplement , K. R. Crim, Ed. Nashville: Abingdon, 1976, pp. 848–854.
• S. P. Brock, The Bible in the Syriac Tradition. Kottayam: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute, 1988.
• S. P. Brock, “Ancient Versions (Syriac)”, in The Anchor Bible dictionary, vol. 6, 6 vol., D. N. Freedman, Ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992, pp. 794–799.

(OT) 

• P. B. Dirksen, “The Old Testament Peshitta”, in Mikra: text, translation, reading and interpretation of the hebrew Bible in ancient judaism and early christianity, M. J. Mulder and Sysling, H., Eds. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1988, pp. 255-297.
• P. B. Dirksen, An annotated bibliography of the Peshitta of the Old Testament. Leiden: Brill, 1989.
• M. Weitzman, “From Judaism to Christianity: the Syriac Version of the Hebrew Bible”, in The Jews Among Pagans and Christians in the Roman Empire, J. Lieu, North, J., and Rajak, T., Eds. London: Routledge, 1992, pp. 147–173.
• M. Weitzman, “The Interpretative Character of the Syriac Old Testament”, in Hebrew Bible / Old Testament: The History of its Interpretation, vol. 1, M. Saebø, Ed. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1996, pp. 587–611.

(NT) 

• B. Metzger, The Early Versions of the New Testament: Their Origin, Transmission, and Limitations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.
  • Ch. 1.
• S. P. Brock, “The Resolution of the Philoxenian/Harklean Problem”, in New Testament textual criticism: its significance for exegesis: Essays in Honour of B. M. Metzger , Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981, pp. 325–343.
• J. Joosten, “West Aramaic Elements in the Syriac Gospels: Methodological Considerations”, in VI Symposium Syriacum 1992 : University of Cambridge, Faculty of Divinity, 30 August-2 September 1992, R. Lavenant, Ed. Rome: Oriental Pontifical Institute, 1994, pp. 101–109.
• W. L. Petersen, “The Diatessaron”, in The Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 2, 6 vol., New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992, pp. 189–190.

 

GREEK INTO SYRIAC AND SYRIAC INTO GREEK

General

• S. P. Brock, “Greek into Syriac and Syriac into Greek”, in Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity, Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 1984.
• S. P. Brock, “From Antagonism to Assimilation: Syriac Attitudes to Greek Learning”, in Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity, Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 1984.
• D. L. O'Leary, How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs. Chicago: Ares Publishers, 1949.
• J. - M. Sauget, “L'apport des traductions syriaques pour la patristique grecque”, Revue de théologie et de philosophie, vol. 110, pp. 139–148, 1978.
• F. Young, “Syriac: A Tool for the Student of Early Christian Doctrine”, in Horizons in Semitic Studies: articles for the Student, J. A. Emerton, Ed. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1980, pp. 39–58.

Syriac into Greek

AHIQAR

• J. M. Lindenberger, The Aramaic Proverbs of Ahiqar. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983.
• F. C. Conybeare, Harris, J. R., and Lewis, A. S., Eds., The story of Aḥiḳar from the Aramaic, Syriac, Arabic, Armenian, Ethiopic, old Turkish, Greek and Slavonic versions. London: J.C. Clay and Sons, 1898.

AESOP

• B. E. Perry, Aesopica: a series of texts relating to Aesop or ascribed to him or closely connected with the literary tradition that bears his name. Urbana: The University of Illinois Press, 1952.
  • Pp. 529–550 (on Syntipas).
• B. Lefevre, Une version syriaque des fables d'Esope, conservées dans huit manuscrits. Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1941.

KALILAH and DIMNAH

• I. C. N. Keith-Falconer, Kalilah and Dimnah or the fables of Bidpai: an English transl. of the later Syriac version after the Text ed. by W. Wright. Cambridge: The University Press, 1885.

SINDBAD

• H. Gollancz, “The History of Sindban and the Seven Wise Masters”, Folk Lore, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 99-131, 1897.
• B. E. Perry, The origin of the Book of Sindbad. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1959.

ALEXIS

• A. Amiaud, Ed., La légende syriaque de Saint Alexis, l’homme de Dieu. Paris: F. Vieweg, 1889.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, East of Antioch. London: Variorum Reprints, 1984.
  • Ch.5.

MARY, niece of Abraham

• S. P. Brock and Harvey, S. A., Holy Women of the Syrian Orient, vol. 13. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.
  • Pp. 27–39 can be read on Google Books

PSEUDO-METHODIOS

• P. J. Alexander, The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.
  • Pp. 36–51
• S. P. Brock, Palmer, A., and Hoyland, R., Eds., The Seventh Century in West-Syrian Chronicles. Liverpool: Liverpool university press, 1993.
  • Pp. 222–250.
• A. Lolos, Die dritte und vierte redaktion des Ps.-Methodios, vol. 94. Meisenheim am Glan: Anton Hein, 1978.

Greek into Syriac

SECUNDUS

• S. P. Brock, Studies in Syriac christianity: history, literature and theology. Aldershot: Variorum, 2001.
  • Ch. IX

ALEXANDER

• English translation of Syriac texts in E. A. W. Budge, The History of Alexander the Great, Being the Syriac Version of the Pseudo-Callisthenes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1889.
• For other Syriac texts, see S. P. Brock, Studies in Syriac christianity: history, literature and theology. Aldershot: Variorum, 2001.
  • Ch.VIII. 
• See also G. J. Reinink, Das syrische Alexanderlied: Die drei Rezensionen [Textus], vol. 1, 2 vol. Louvain: Peeters, 1983.
  • G. J. Reinink, Das syrische Alexanderlied: Die drei Rezensionen [Versio], vol. 2, 2 vol. Louvain: Peeters, 1983.. [Poem attributed to Jacob of Serugh]

ARISTOTLE, Organon

• H. Hugonnard-Roche, “L'intermediaire syriaque dans la transmission de la philosophie grecque a l'arabe: Le cas de l'Organon d'Aristote”, Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, vol. 1, pp. 187-209, 1991..
  • H. Hugonnard-Roche, “Sur les versions syriaques des "Catégories" d'Aristote”, Journal asiatique, vol. 275, pp. 205-222, 1987.
  • H. Hugonnard-Roche, “Aux origines de l'exégèse orientale de la logique l'Aristote: Sergius de Reš'aina (d. 536), médecin et philosophe”, Journal asiatique, vol. 277, pp. 1-17, 1989.
  • See also ARAM 3 (1991), 193–210.
• S. P. Brock, “The Syriac Commentary Tradition”, in Glosses and commentaries on Aristotelian logical texts : the Syriac, Arabic and medieval Latin traditions, C. S. F. Burnett, Ed. London: Warburg Institute, University of London, 1993, pp. 3-18.

POPULAR PHILOSOPHY

• S. P. Brock, “From Antagonism to Assimilation: Syriac Attitudes to Greek Learning”, in Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity, Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 1984.
  • Ch.V., esp. notes 103–119.

MEDICINE

• M. W. Dols, “Syriac into Arabic: The Transmission of Greek Medicine”, ARAM, vol. 1, pp. 45-52, 1989.

MYTHOLOGY

• S. P. Brock, The Syriac Version of the Ps. Nonnos Mythological Scholia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.

Translation Technique

• S. P. Brock, “Aspects of Translation Technique in Antiquity”, in Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity, Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 1984.
• S. P. Brock, “Towards a History of Syriac Translation Technique”, in Studies in Syriac christianity: history, literature and theology, Aldershot: Variorum, 2001.
• S. P. Brock, “The Syriac Background to Hunayn's Translation Techniques”, ARAM, vol. 3, pp. 139–162, 1991.

Some Individual Translators

6th Century

• Sergius of Resh'aina
• Probus(?)

7th Centry

• Paul of Edessa [Gregory of Nazianzus]
• Paul of Tella [Syrohexapla]
• Thomas of Harkel [Harklean NT]
• Severus Sebokht
• Athanasius of Balad
• Jacob of Edessa

9th Century

• Hunayn ibn Ishaq
• Ishaq ibn Hunayn
• (and many others)

 

Poetry and the Bible in Syriac Tradition

• S. P. Brock, The luminous eye: the spiritual world vision of Saint Ephrem. Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1992.
  • Also in French: S. P. Brock, L'Oeil de lumiere: La vision spirituelle de saint Ephrem. Bégrolles-en-Mauges: Abbaye de Bellefontaine, 1991.. [trans. D. Rance]
• S. P. Brock, “Syriac and Greek Hymnography: Problems of Origins”, Studia Patristica , vol. 16, pp. 77-81, 1985.
  • Reprinted in S. P. Brock, “Syriac and Greek Hymnography: Problems of Origins”, in Studies in Syriac christianity: history, literature and theology, Aldershot: Variorum, 2001.
• S. P. Brock, “Dramatic Dialogue Poems”, in Symposium Syriacum, vol. 4, H. J. W. Drijvers, Ed. Rome: Pontifical Institute of Oriental Studies, 1984, pp. 135-147.
• S. P. Brock, “From Ephrem to Romanos”, Studia Patristica, vol. 20, pp. 139–151, 1989.
• S. P. Brock, “Syriac Dispute Poems: The Various Types”, in Dispute Poems and Dialogues in the Ancient and Mediaeval Near East: Forms and Types of Literary Debates in Semitic and Related Literatures, G. J. Reinink and Vanstiphout, H. L. J., Eds. Leuven: Department Oriëntalistiek, 1991, pp. 109–119.
• S. P. Brock, “Two Syriac Verse Homilies on the Binding of Isaac”, Le Muséon, vol. 99, pp. 61–129, 1986.
• S. P. Brock, “A Syriac Verse Homily on Elijah and the Widow of Sarepta”, Le Muséon, vol. 102, pp. 93-113, 1989.
  • French translation: S. P. Brock, “L'homélie dans le saint prophete Élie d'après les pères de l'église”, Spiritualité orientale, vol. 53, pp. 422–431, 1992.
• S. A. Hopkins and Brock, S. P., “A Verse Homily on Abraham and Sarah in Egypt: Syriac Original with Early Arabic Translation”, Le Muséon, vol. 105, pp. 87–146, 1992.
• F. Graffin, “Le soghitha du cherubin et du larron”, L'Orient syrien, vol. 12, pp. 481-490, 1967.
• A. Palmer, J. Boeft, den, and Hilhorst, A., “The Merchant of Nisibis: Saint Ephrem and his Faithful Quest for Union in Numbers”, in Early Christian poetry: a collection of essays, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1993, pp. 167–233.
• W. L. Petersen, “The Dependence of Romanos the Melodist upon the Syriac Ephrem: Its Importance for the Origin of the Kontakion”, Vigiliae Christianae, vol. 39, pp. 171–187, 1985.
• L. van Rompay, “Romanos le Mélode: Un poète syrien à Constantinople”, in Early Christian Poetry, A. Hilhorst and J. Boeft, den, Eds. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1993, pp. 283-296.

• 1. J. S. Assemani, Ed., Bibliotheca Orientalis, vol. 1, 3 vol. Rome: Society for the Propagation of the Faith, 1719.; J. S. Assemani, Bibliotheca Orientalis: De Scriptoribus Syris Monophysitis, vol. 2, 3 vol. Rome: Society for the Propagation of the Faith, 1721.; J. S. Assemani, Bibliotheca Orientalis: De Scriptoribus Syris Nestorianis, vol. 3.1. Rome: Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, 1725.; J. S. Assemani, Bibliotheca Orientalis, vol. 3.2, 3 vol. Rome: Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, 1728.
• 2. “Dictionnaire de Spiritualité”. 2017.
• 3. “Theogische Realenzykopädie Online”. 2017.
• 4. Symposium Syriacum 1972: célébré dans les jours 26-31 octobre 1972 à l'Institut pontifical oriental de Rome; rapports et communications, vol. 1, 7 vol. Rome: Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum, 1974.; Symposium syriacum II, vol. 2, 7 vol. Rome: Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum, 1978.; R. Lavenant, Ed., Symposium syriacum III, vol. 3, 7 vol. Rome: Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum, 1980.; H. J. W. Drijvers, Lavenant, R., Molenberg, C., and Reinink, G. J., Eds., Symposium syriacum IV, vol. 4, 7 vol. Rome: Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum, 1987.; R. Lavenant, Ed., Symposium syriacum V, vol. 5, 7 vol. Rome: Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum, 1988.; R. Lavenant, Symposium syriacum VI, vol. 6, 7 vol. Rome: Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum, 1994.; R. Lavenant, Ed., Symposium syriacum VII, vol. 7, 7 vol. Rome: Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum, 1998.