Aḥiqar

** Denotes useful introductory works1

Arameans

• W. F. Albright, “The Emergence of the Arameans”, in The Cambridge Ancient History, Rev. ed., vol. 2, 2 vol., J. B. Bury, Cook, S. A., Adcock, F. E., Charlesworth, M. P., and Baynes, N. H., Eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975, pp. 46–53.
  • See also W.F. Albright in I. Eiddon Ste Edwards and et al., Eds., The Cambridge Ancient History, Revised. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975. Pp. 529–536, 991.
• C. - J. Axskjöld, Aram as the Enemy Friend: the Ideological Role of Aram in the Composition of Genesis-2 Kings. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1998.
• R. A. Bowman, “Arameans, Aramaic, and the Bible”, Journal of Near Eastern studies, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 65–90, 1948.
• J. Bowman, Aram, Arameans. Nashville: Abingdon, 1976.
• J. A. Brinktrine, “Notes on Arameans and Chaldeans in S. Babylonia in the Early 7th Century BC”, Orientalia, vol. 46, pp. 304–325, 1977.
• P. M. M. Davian, Wevers, J. W., and Weigl, M., Eds., The World of the Aramaeans: Biblical, Historical and Cultural Studies in Honour of P-E. Dion. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000.
• M. Dietrich, Die Aramaer Sudbabyloniens in der Sargonidenzeit 700–648 . Neukirchen-Vluyn: Butzon und Kevelaer, Neukirchener Verlag des Erzielungsvereins, 1970.
• P. - E. Dion, Les Araméens à l'âge du fer: histoire politique et structures sociales, N.S., vol. 34. Paris: Gabalda, 1997.
• A. Dupont-Sommer, Les Araméens. Paris: Maisonneuve, 1949.
• G. Garbini, “Il problema dell’arte aramaica”, Rivista degli studi orientali , vol. 34, no. 3-4, pp. 141-147, 1959.
• J. C. Greenfield, “Aspects of Aramean Religion”, in Ancient Israelite Religion: Essays in Honor of F.M. Cross, P. D. Miller, Hanson, P. D., and MacBride, Jr., S. D., Eds. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1987, pp. 67–78.
• J. Hoftijzer, Religio Aramaica: godsdienstige verschijnselen in Aramese teksten. Leiden: Ex Oriente Lux, 1968.
• E. Lipinski, “Mon père était un araméen errant: I' histoire, carrefour des sciences bibliques et orientales”, Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica, vol. 20, pp. 23–47, 1989.
• **A. Malamat, “The Arameans”, in Peoples of Old Testament times, D. John Wiseman, Ed. Oxford: Claredon Press, 1973.
• A. Malamat, “Aram, Arameans”, in Encyclopedia Judaica, 2nd ed., vol. 2, Farmington Hills: Thomson Gale, 2007, pp. 337-339.
• A. R. Millard, “Assyrians and Arameans”, Iraq, vol. 45, pp. 101–108, 1983.
• S. Moscati, “The Aramean Ahlamu”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 4, pp. 303–307, 1959.
• S. Moscati, Ancient Semitic Civilizations. London: Elek Books, 1957.
  • See ch. 7.
• R. T. O'Callaghan, Aram Naharaim: a contribution to the history of Upper Mesopotamia in the second millennium B.C. with an appendix on Indo-Aryan names, vol. 26. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1948.
• **W. T. Pitard, “Aramaeans”, in Peoples of the Old Testament World, A. J. Hoerth, Yamauchi, E. M., and Mattingly, G. L., Eds. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1994, pp. 207–230.
• P. Sacchi, “Per una storia di Aram”, Parola del Passato, vol. 14, pp. 124–134, 1959.
• S. Schiffer, Die Aramäer: historisch-geographische Untersuchungen. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs, 1911.
• G. M. Schwartz, “The Origin of the Aramaeans in Syria and Northern Mesopotamia: Research Problems and Potential Strategies”, in To the Euphrates and Beyond , O. M. Haex and van Loon, M. N., Eds. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1989, pp. 275–291.
• R. Zadok, On West Semites in Babylonia during the Chaldean and Achaemenian Periods: An Onomastic Study. Jerusalem: H.J. & Z. Wanaarta, 1977.
• R. Zadok, “Some Problems in Early Aramaean History”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft: Supplement, vol. 6, pp. 81-85, 1983.

Aramaean States (including relations with Israel)

• J. A. Brinkman, A Political History of Post-Kassite Babylonia 1158–722, vol. 43. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1968.
• G. Buccellati, Cities and nations of ancient Syria: an essay on political institutions with special reference to the Israelite kingdoms, vol. 26. Rome: Instituto di studi del vicino oriente: Universita di Roma, 1967.
• P. - E. Dion, Les Araméens à l'âge du fer: histoire politique et structures sociales, N.S., vol. 34. Paris: Gabalda, 1997.
• J. C. Greenfield, “Babylonian-Aramaic Relationship”, in Mesopotamien und Seine Nachbarn: Politische und Kulturelle Wechselbeziehungen in Alten Vorderasien, vol. 2, H. - J. Nissen and Renge, J., Eds. Berlin: Reimer, 1982, pp. 471–482.
• **J. F. Healey, “Ancient Aramean Culture and the Bible”, ARAM, vol. 1, pp. 31-37, 1989.
• E. G. H. Kraeling, Aram and Israel, or, the Aramaeans in Syria and Mesopotamia. New York: Columbia University Press, 1918.
• J. R. Kupper, “Northern Mesopotamia and Syria”, in Cambridge Ancient History, Revised., vol. 2, 2 vol., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975, pp. 1-41.
• E. Lipinski, “Aram et Israël du Xe au VIIIe siècle avant notre ére”, Acta antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, vol. 27, pp. 49–101, 1979.
• E. Lipinski, “Aramaer und Israel”, Theologische Realenzyklopädie, vol. 3, pp. 590-599, 1978.
• **B. Mazar, “The Aramean Empire and its Relation with Israel”, The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 98-120, 1962.
• W. T. Pitard, Ancient Damascus: a Historical study of the Syrian city-state from the Earliest times until its fall to the Assyrians in 732 B.C.E. Eisenbrauns: Winona Lake, 1987.
• H. S. Sader, Les États araméens de Syrie depuis leur fondation jusqu'à leur transformation en provinces assyriennes, vol. 36. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner, 1987.
• H. Tadmor, “Aramaization of Assyria”, in Mesopotamien und seine Nachbarn; politische und kulturelle Wechselbeziehungen im alten Vorderasien vom 4. bis 1. Jt. v. Chr., H. - J. Nissen and Renge, J., Eds. Berlin: Reimer, 1987, pp. 449-470.
• M. F. Unger, Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus. London: Clarke, 1957.

Place of Aramaic within the Northwest Semitic Languages

• G. Bergsträsser, Introduction to the Semitic Languages. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1983.
• C. Brockelmann, “Die Aramäer”, in Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen, Berlin: Reuther & Reichard, 1908, pp. 13-22.
• G. Garbini, Il semitico di nord-ovest. Naples: Istituto universitario orientale di Napoli, 1960.
• G. Garbini, “Semitico nord-occidentale e aramaico”, in Linguistica Semitica, Presente, e Futuro, G. L. D. Vida and Cazelles, H., Eds. Rome: Centro di studi semitici, Istituto di studi del vicino oriente, Università, 1961, pp. 59–90.
• J. F. Healey, “Phoenician and the Spread of Aramaic”, in Atti del II Congresso internazionale di studi fenici e punici: Roma, 9-14 novembre 1987, Rome: Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, 1991, pp. 663–666.
• R. W. Garr, Dialect Geography of Syria Palestine 1000–586 BCE. Philadelphia: Eisenbrauns, 1985.
• **H. L. Ginzberg, “The North West Semitic Languages”, in The World History of the Jewish People: 1.2 The Patriarchs, B. Mazar and Netanyāhû, B., Eds. Tel-Aviv: Massadah, 1970.
• M. H. Goshen-Gottstein, Comparative Semitic Linguistics: A student's reader. Jerusalem: Universiṭah ha-ʻIvrit bi-Yerushalayim. Department of Ancient Semitic Languages, 1974.
• J. C. Greenfield, “Some Reflections on the Vocabulary of Aramaic in Relationship to Other Semitic Languages”, in Atti del secondo Congresso internazionale di linguistica camito-semitica : Firenze, 16-19 aprile 1974, P. Fronzaroli, Ed. Florence: Universitá di Firenze, 1978, pp. 151-156.
• R. Hetzron, “La division des langues sémitiques”, in Actes ler congrés internationale de linquistique semitique et chamito-sémitique, A. Caquot and Cohen, D., Eds. The Hague: Mouton, 1974, pp. 182–194.
• **J. Huehnegard, “Language”, in Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 4, 6 vol., D. N. Freedman, Ed. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
• E. Lipinski, Outline of a Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages. Leuven: Peeters, 1997. [Aramaic = pp. 61–70].
• **S. Moscati, An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages: phonology and morphology / monograph. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1974. 
  • Review by Kutscher: E. Y. Kutscher, “Review of Moscati et al., Introduction the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages (1964”, Asian and African Studies, vol. 2, pp. 192-201, 1966.
• H. J. Polotsky and Speiser, E. A., “Semitics”, in At the dawn of civilization: a background of Biblical history, vol. 1, London: W.H. Allen, 1965, pp. 99–111, 357–358.
• H. Rabin, “The Origin of the Subdivisions of Semitic”, in Hebrew and Semitic studies, presented to Godfrey Rolles Driver in celebration of his seventieth birthday 20. Aug. 1962, D. W. Thomas, McHardy, W. D., and Driver, G. R., Eds. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963, pp. 104–115.
• M. Sekine, “The Subdivision of the Northwest Semitic Languages”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 18, pp. 205–221, 1973.
• R. M. Voigt, “The Classification of Central Semitic”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 1-21, 1987.

Aramaic Dialects (General Surveys)

• K. Beyer, The Aramaic Language: Its Distribution and Subdivisions . Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1986.
  • English translation of introductory chapter of Beyer (1984), see Qumran Aramaic below.
• **S. P. Brock, “Three Thousand Years of Aramaic Literature”, Aram, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 11–23, 1989.
• **E. M. Cook, “Aramaic Language and Literature”, in The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Archaeology in the Near East, E. M. Meyers, Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997, pp. 178–184.
• **J. Fitzmyer, A Wandering Aramean: Collected Aramaic Essays. Chico: Scholars Press, 1979.. [=WA]
• J. Fitzmyer, “The Aramaic Language and the Study of the New Testament”, Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 99, pp. 5-21, 1980.
• **J. C. Greenfield, “Aramaic”, in Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible Supplement, Nashville: Abingdon, 1976, pp. 39-44.
• **J. C. Greenfield, “Aramaic and its Dialects”, in Jewish languages, theme and variations, H. H. Paper, Ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Association for Jewish Studies, 1978, pp. 29–43.
• J. C. Greenfield, Aramaic Studies and the Bible, vol. 32. Leiden: Brill, 1981.
• **J. C. Greenfield, “Aramaic and the Jews”, in Studia Aramaica: new sources and approaches, M. J. Geller, Greenfield, J. C., and Weitzman, M., Eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, pp. 1-18.
• A. Burckhardt, Hieroclis Synecdemvs; accedvnt fragmenta apud Constantinum Porphyrogennetum servata et nomina urbium mutata. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner, 1893.
• **S. A. Kaufman, “Languages (Aramaic)”, in Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 4, 6 vol., New York: Doubleday, 1992, pp. 173-178.
• **S. A. Kaufman, “Aramaic”, in The Semitic Languages, R. Hetzron, Ed. London: Routledge, 1997, pp. 114–130.
• *E. Y. Kutscher, “Aramaic”, in Encyclopedia Judaica, 2nd ed., vol. 2, M. Berenbaum and Skolnik, F., Eds. Farmington Hills: Thomson Gale, 2007, pp. 342-359.
• *E. Y. Kutscher, Ben-Ḥayyim, Z., Dotan, A., and Sarfatti, G. B., Eds., Hebrew and Aramaic Studies. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1977.
  • See pp. 90–155.
• *F. Rosenthal, Die aramaistische Forschung seit Th. Noldekes Veroffentlichungen, Reprint. Brill: Leiden, 1964.
  •  Reviewed in H. L. Ginsburg, “Aramaic Studies Today”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 229-238, 1942.  
• F. Rosenthal, Ben-Ḥayyim, Z., Black, M., and Dupont-Sommer, A., Eds., An Aramaic Handbook, 4 vol. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1967.
  • Includes selections from the main dialects, with glossaries.
• F. Rosenthal, “Aramaic”, in Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. 2, E. Yar-Shater, Ed. London; Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987, pp. 252-256.
• K. G. Cereteli, Grammatica generale dell'aramaico, 2 vol. Torino: Zamorani, 2000.

Bibliographies

• H. J. W. Drijvers and Hospers, J. H., Eds., A Basic Bibliography for the Study of the Semitic Languages, 2 vol. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1973.
  • Pp. 283–335.
• F. Rosenthal, Die aramaistische Forschung seit Th. Noldekes Veroffentlichungen, Reprint. Brill: Leiden, 1964.
  • The standard bibliography
• F. Vattioni, “Saggio di bibliografia semitica”, AION 28– (1978–).
  • F. Vattioni, “Saggio di bibliografia semitica 1978-1979”, Annali dell'istituto universitario orientale di Napoli, vol. 39, pp. 641–72, 1979.
  • F. Vattioni, “Saggio di bibliografia semitica 1979-1980”, Annali dell'istituto universitario orientale di Napoli, vol. 40, pp. 673–703, 1980.
  • F. Vattioni, “Saggio di bibliografia semitica 1980-1981”, Annali dell'istituto universitario orientale di Napoli, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 655–684, 1981.
  • F. Vattioni, “Saggio di bibliografia semitica 1980-1982”, Annali dell'istituto universitario orientale di Napoli, vol. 42, pp. 623-670, 1982.
  • F. Vattioni, “Saggio di bibliografia semitica 1982-1983”, Annali dell'istituto universitario orientale di Napoli, vol. 43, pp. 671–705, 1983. 

Old Aramaic and Official Aramaic

Collections of Inscriptions

Standard Collections

• M. Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik. 1: Text, Reprint., vol. 1, 2 vol. Hildesheim: Olms, 1962.
• M. Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik. 2: Tafeln, Reprint., vol. 2, 2 vol. Hildesheim: Olms, 1962. 
• G. A. Cooke, A Text-book of North-semitic Inscriptions: Moabite, Hebrew, Phoenician, Aramaic, Nabataean, Palmyrene, Jewish. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903.
• J. J. Koopmans, Aramäische Chrestomathie: ausgewählte Texte (Inschriften, Ostraka und Papyri) bis zum 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. für das Studium der aramäischen Sprache. 1. Teil, Einleitungen, Literatur und Kommentare, vol. 1, 2 vol. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1962.
• J. J. Koopmans, Aramäische Chrestomathie: ausgewählte Texte (Inschriften, Ostraka und Papyri) bis zum 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. für das Studium der aramäischen Sprache gesammelt. 2, Aramäische Texte in Umschrift, vol. 2, 2 vol. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1962.
• H. Donner and Röllig, W., Kanaanaische und aramäische Inschriften, 3 vol. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1964.
• J. C. L. Gibson, Syrian Semitic Inscriptions: 2, Aramaic inscriptions. including inscriptions in the dialect of Zenjirli, vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975.

Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum

• NB: The second part of the CIS is devoted to Aramaic inscriptions; so far the following volumes have appeared:
  • Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres, Corpus inscriptionum Semiticarum I, vol. 1, 5 vol. Paris: Reipublicae Typographeo, 1881. 
  • Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres, Corpus inscriptionum Semiticarum II: Inscriptiones Aramaicas continens, vol. 2.1, 5 vol. Paris: Reipublicae Typographeo, 1907.
  • Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres, Corpus inscriptionum Semiticarum II: Inscriptiones Aramaicas continens, vol. 2.2, 5 vol. Paris: Reipublicae Typographeo, 1906.. Nabataean.
  • Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres, Corpus inscriptionum Semiticarum III, vol. 3, 5 vol. Paris: Reipublicae Typographeo, 1926.
    • Nos 3901–4624 Palmyrene. Plates 1951 (3901–4237); 1954 (4238–4624).
  • Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres, Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum IV, vol. 3.2, 5 vol. Paris: Reipublicae Typographeo, 1947.. Palmyrene.

Periodicals devoted to Semitic epigraphy:

• M. Lidzbarski, Ed., “Ephemeris fur semitische Epigraphik”. 1900.
• Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres, Répertoire d’épigraphie semitique, 8 vol. 1900.
• “Neue Ephemeris für semitische Epigraphik”. 1972.
• “Studi epigrafici e linguistici sul Vicino Oriente antico”. 1984.
• New publications on inscriptions are periodically reported by J.Teixidor in the Bulletin d’epigraphie sémitique (Syria, 1967–), and collected together as J. Teixidor, Bulletin d’epigraphie sémitique (1964-1980). Paris: Librairie Orientaliste, 1986..

Dictionaries, etc.

• J. Hoftijzer and Jean, C. - F., Dictionnaire des inscriptions sémitiques de l’Ouest, 2nd ed., 2 vol. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1995.. [The standard work].
• I.N. Vinnikov, “Dictionary of Aramaic Inscriptions”, Palestinskij Sbornik 3 (1958), 4 (1959), 7 (1962), 9 (1962), 13 (1965). [In Russian; includes proper names; English presentation of the work by S. Segert in ArOr 35 (1967) 463–466].
• R. A. Brauner, “Comparative Lexicon of Old Aramaic ”, Dropsie University, Philadelphia, 1984.
• W. E. Aufrecht, Donner, H., Hurd, Jr., J. C., and Röllig, W., Eds., A Synoptic Concordance of Aramaic Inscriptions according to H. Donner and W. Roellig. Scholars Press and Biblical Research Associates: Missoula, 1975..
  • Based on W. Röllig, Kanaanaische und aramaische Inschriften: Texte, vol. 1, 2 vol. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1962. 
    • Nos. 201–279.
• J. C. Greenfield, “Notes on the Early Aramaic Lexicon”, in ʻAl kanfei Yonah : collected studies of Jonas C. Greenfield on Semitic philology, S. M. Paul, Stone, M. E., and Pinnick, A., Eds. Jerusalem; Leiden: Magness Press; Brill, 2001, pp. 251-257.

Grammars

• R. Degen, Altaramäische Grammatik der Inschriften des 10–8 Jh v. Chr. , vol. 38, 3 vol. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner, 1969.
• M. L. Folmer, The Aramaic Language in the Achaemenid Period. Louvain: Peeters, 1995.
• V. Hug, Altaramäische Grammatik der Texte des 7. und 6. Jh. v. Chr . Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag, 1993.
• P. Leander, Laut und Formenlehre des Aegyptisch-Aramäischen, Reprint. Hildesheim: Olms, 1966.
• T. Muraoka and Porten, B., A Grammar of Egyptian Aramaic. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1997.
• R. W. Garr, Dialect Geography of Syria Palestine 1000–586 BCE. Philadelphia: Eisenbrauns, 1985.
• J. R. Florit, Gramática del arameo clásico (oficial). Barcelona: Publications of the University of Barcelona, 1993.
• S. Segert, Altaramäische Grammatik: mit Bibliographie, Chrestomathie und Glossar. Lepzig: Enzyklopädie, 1975. 
  • Includes Official Aramaic
  • Review in R. Degen, “Stanislav Segert, Altaramäische Grammatik mit Bibliographie, Chrestomathie und Glossar [Review]”, Gotting. Gel. Anzeigen, vol. 231, pp. 219–239, 1979.
  • Review in J. Hoftijzer, “St. SEGERT, Altaramäische Grammatik, mit Bibliographie, Chrestomathie und Glossar [Review]”, Journal for the Study of Judaism, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 99-105, 1977.
  • Review in S. A. Kaufman, “Segert, Stanislav. Altaramäische Grammatik : mit Bibliographie, Chrestomathie und Glossar [Review]”, Bibliotheca Orientalis, vol. 34, pp. 92-97, 1977.

Palaeography

• F. M. Cross, “The Origin and Early Evolution of the Alphabet / מקור האלף-בית וראשית התפתחותו”, Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies / ארץ-ישראל: מחקרים בידיעת הארץ ועתיקותיה, vol. 8, pp. 8-24, 1967.
• J. A. Delaunay, “L’araméen d’empire et les débuts de l’écriture en Asie central”, Acta Iranica , vol. 1, pp. 219–236, 1974.
• G. R. Driver, Semitic Writing, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1976.
• L. G. Herr, The Scripts of Ancient Northwest Semitic Seals. Scholars Press: Missoula, 1978.
• S. J. Lieberman, “The Aramaic Argillary Script in the Seventh Century”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. 192, pp. 25-31, 1968.. [Nineveh tablets]
• J. Naveh, The Development of the Aramaic Script. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1976.
• **J. Naveh, Early history of the alphabet: an introduction to West Semitic epigraphy and palaeography. Jerusalem; Leiden: The Magnes press; E.J. Brill, 1982.
• J. Naveh, “Proto-Canaanite, Archaic Greek, and the Script of the Aramaic Text in the Tell Fakhariyeh Statue”, P. D. Miller and Hanson, P. D., Eds. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1987, pp. 101–114.
• É. Puech, “Origine de l’alphabet”, Revue Biblique, vol. 93, pp. 161–213, 1986.
• B. Sass, The Genesis of the Alphabet and its Development in the Second Millennium BC. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1988.
• S. Segert, “Altaramäische Schrift und die Anfange des griechischen Alphabet”, Klio, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 38-57, 1963.
• P. Swiggers, “The Notation System of the Old Aramaic Inscriptions”, Archív Orientálni, vol. 51, pp. 378-381, 1983.

Studies

• A. M. R. Aristar, “The Semitic Jussive and the Implications for Aramaic”, Maarav, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 157–189, 1987.
• P. - E. Dion, La langue de Ya‘udi. Waterloo: Corporation for the Publication of Academic Studies in Religion in Canada, 1974.
• P. - E. Dion, “The Language Spoken in Ancient Sam‘al”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 115-118, 1978.
• **J. Fitzmyer, A Wandering Aramean: Collected Aramaic Essays. Chico: Scholars Press, 1979.
  • Ch. 11–12.
• D. N. Freedman, Forbes, A. D., and Andersen, F. I., Eds., Studies in Hebrew and Aramaic orthography. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1992.
• G. Garbini, Aramaica, New Series. Rome: Università degli studi La Sapienza, 1993.
• J. C. Greenfield, “The Dialects of Early Aramaic”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 93-99, 1978.
• J. C. Greenfield, “Iranian Loanwords in Early Aramaic”, Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. 2, pp. 256–259, 1987.
• W. Hinz, Iranische Sprachgut der Nebenuberlieferungen. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1975.
• S. A. Kaufman, The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.
  • W. F. von Soden, “The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic [Review]”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 22, pp. 81-86, 1977.
• E. Lipinski, Studies in Aramaic Inscriptions and Onomastics I, vol. 1. Louvain: Peeters, 1975.
• E. Lipinski, Studies in Aramaic inscriptions and onomastics II, vol. 2. Louvain: Peeters, 1994.
  • R. Degen, “Studies in Aramaic Inscriptions and Onomastics [review]”, Welt des Orients, vol. 9, pp. 167–172, 1977.
• R. Macuch, “Some Orthographico-Phonetic Problems of Ancient Aramaic and the Living Aramaic Pronunciation”, Maarav, vol. 5/6, pp. 221–237, 1990.
• S. Segert, “The Vowel Letters in Early Aramaic”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 111–114, 1978.
• J. D. Whitehead, “Some Distinctive Features of the Language of the Aramaic Arsames Correspondence”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 119-140, 1978.

Onomastics

• W. Kornfeld, Onomastica aramaica aus Ägypten. Vienna: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1978.
• W. Kornfeld, “Onomastica aramaica und das Altes Testament”, Zeitschrift für alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, vol. 88, pp. 105-112, 1976.
• F. M. Fales, “On Aramaic Onomastics in the Neo-Assyrian Period”, Oriens Antiquus , vol. 16, pp. 41-68, 1977.
• E. Lipinski, Studies in Aramaic Inscriptions and Onomastics I, vol. 1. Louvain: Peeters, 1975.
• E. Lipinski, Studies in Aramaic inscriptions and onomastics II, vol. 2. Louvain: Peeters, 1994.
  • R. Degen, “Studies in Aramaic Inscriptions and Onomastics [review]”, Welt des Orients, vol. 9, pp. 167–172, 1977.
• M. Liverani, “Antecedenti dell’onomastica aramaica antica”, Rivista degli studi orientali , vol. 37, pp. 65–76, 1962.
• M. Maraqten, Die semitische Personennamen in den alt- und reichsaramäischen Inschriften aus Vorderasien. Hildesheim: Olms, 1988.
• M. H. Silverman, Religious Values in the Jewish Proper Names at Elephantine. Kevelaer: Butzon & Bercker, 1985.
• R. Zadok, “On the Onomasticon of Old Aramaic Sources”, Bibliotheca Orientalis, vol. 48, pp. 25-40, 1991.
• R. Zadok, On West Semites in Babylonia during the Chaldean and Achaemenian Periods: An Onomastic Study. Jerusalem: H.J. & Z. Wanaarta, 1977.

Bibliography

• F. Vattioni, “Preliminari alle iscrizioni aramaiche”, Augustinianum, vol. 9, pp. 305-361, 1969.
  • Classified bibliography of 1253 items.
• S. A. Kaufman and Fitzmyer, J., Eds., An Aramaic Bibliography, Part I: Old, Official, and Biblical Aramaic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.

Some Important Individual Texts or Archives

Old Aramaic

• **S. C. Layton and Pardee, D., “Literary Sources for the History of Palestine and Syria: Old Aramaic Inscriptions”, The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 172-189, 1988.
• J. Naveh, “Old Aramaic [c.900–200 BC] Inscriptions (1960–1965)”, Annali dell'istituto universitario orientale di Napoli, vol. 16, pp. 19–36, 1966.

Tel Fekheriye [S. A. Kaufman and Fitzmyer, J., Eds., An Aramaic Bibliography, Part I: Old, Official, and Biblical Aramaic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. Pp.36–37]

• A. A. Assaf, Bordreuil, P., and Millard, A. R., La statue de Tell Fekherye et son inscription. Paris: Editions Recherches sur les civilisations, 1982.

Studies

• S. A. Kaufman, “Reflections on the Assyrian-Aramaic Bilingual from Tell-Fakhariyeh”, Maarav, vol. 3, pp. 137-175, 1982.
• T. Muraoka, “The Tell-Fekherye Bilingual Inscription and Early Aramaic”, Abr Nahrain, vol. 22, pp. 79-117, 1983.
• J. C. Greenfield and Schaffer, A., “Notes on the Akkadian-Aramaic Bilingual Statue from Tell Fekheryeh”, British Institute for the Study of Iraq, vol. 45, pp. 109-116, 1983.
• D. M. Gropp and Lewis, T. J., “Notes on Some Problems in the Aramaic Text of the Hadd-Yith'i Bilingual”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. 256, pp. 45-61, 1985.
• J. C. Greenfield and Schaffer, A., “Notes on the Curse Formulae of the Tell Fekherye Inscription”, Revue biblique, vol. 92, pp. 47-59, 1985.
• V. Sasson, “The Aramaic Text of the Tell Fakhriyah Assyrian-Aramaic Bilingual Inscription”, Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 86-102, 1985.
• F. Vattioni, “La bilingue assiro-aramaica di Tell Fekherye”, Annali dell'istituto universitario orientale di Napoli, vol. 46, pp. 349–65, 1986.
• F. C. Fensham and Claassen, W., Eds., Text and context: Old Testament and Semitic studies for F.C. Fensham, vol. 48. Sheffield: Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Press, 1988.
• F. M. Cross, “Paleography and the Date of the Tell Fahariyeh Bilingual Inscription”, in Solving riddles and untying knots: biblical, epigraphic, and Semitic studies in honor of Jonas C. Greenfield, J. C. Greenfield, Zevit, Z., Gitin, S., and Weitzman, M., Eds. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1995.

Bibliography

• W. E. Aufrecht and Hamilton, G. J., “The Tell Fakhariye Bilingual Inscription: A Bibliography”, Newsletter for Targumic and Cognate Studies, Supplement, vol. 4, pp. 1-7, 1988.

Zincirli [S. A. Kaufman and Fitzmyer, J., Eds., An Aramaic Bibliography, Part I: Old, Official, and Biblical Aramaic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. Pp.14–17, 20]

• J. Tropper, Die Inschriften von Zincirli: neue Edition und vergleichende Grammatik des phönizischen, sam'alischen und aramäischen Textkorpus. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 1993.

Bibliography

• V. J. J. de Caen, A Revised Bibliography for the Samalian Dialect of Old Aramaic. Toronto: University of Toronto, Deptartment of Near Eastern Studies, 1991.

Tel Dan

• A. Biran and Naveh, J., “The Tel Dan Inscription: A New Fragment”, Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 1-18, 1995.
• J. Margain, Études sémitiques et samaritaines offertes à Jean Margain. Lausanne: Editions du Zebre, 1998.

Sefire [S. A. Kaufman and Fitzmyer, J., Eds., An Aramaic Bibliography, Part I: Old, Official, and Biblical Aramaic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. Pp.17–19]

• J. Fitzmyer, The Aramaic Inscriptions of Sefire, 1st ed. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1967.
• A. Lemaire and Durand, J. - M., Les inscriptions araméennes de Sfire et l’Assyrie de Shamshi-ilu. Geneva ; Paris: Droz, 1984.
  • W. F. von Soden, “Das nordsyrische KTK/Kiski und der Tertan Šamšī-ilu: Erwägungen zu einem neuen Buch”, Studi Epigra ci e Linguistici sul Vicino Oriente antico, vol. 2, pp. 133-141, 1985.
• R. Zadok, “On the Historical Background of the Sefire Treaty”, Annali dell'istituto universitario orientale di Napoli, vol. 44, pp. 529–538, 1984.

Deir ‘Alla [S. A. Kaufman and Fitzmyer, J., Eds., An Aramaic Bibliography, Part I: Old, Official, and Biblical Aramaic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. Pp.23–24]

• J. Hoftijzer, Franken, H. J., van der Kooij, G., and de Boer, P. A. H., Aramaic texts from Deir'Alla. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1976.

Reviews

• J. Fitzmyer, “[Review of Hoftijzer-van der Kooij 1978]”, Catholic Bible Quarterly, vol. 40, pp. 93-95, 1978.
• É. Puech, “Review of Aramaic Texts of Deir 'Alla, edited by J. Hoftijzer and G. vand der Kooij”, Revue Biblique, vol. 85, pp. 114-117, 1978.
• J. Naveh, “Review of J. Hoftijzer and G. van der Kooij, Aramaic Texts from Deir ‘Alla”, Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 29, pp. 133–136, 1979.
• J. C. Greenfield, “[Review of J. Hoftijzer and G. van der Kooij, Aramaic Texts from Deir ‘Alla]”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 248–252, 1980.
• S. Segert, “Reviewed Work: Aramaic Texts from Deir 'Alla by J. Hoftijzer, G. van der Kooij, H. J. Franken, V. R. Mehra, J. Voskuil, J. A. Mosk, P. A. H. de Boer”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, vol. 72, pp. 182-189, 1980.
• M. Dahood, “[Review of J. Hoftijzer and G. van der Kooij, Aramaic Texts from Deir ‘Alla]”, Biblica, vol. 62, pp. 124-127, 1981.
• J. A. Hackett, The Balaam text from Deir 'Alla. Chico: Scholars Press, 1984.
• J. Hoftijzer and van der Kooij, A., The Balaam text from Deir 'Alla re-evaluated: proceedings of the International Symposium held at Leiden 21-24 August 1989. Leiden: Brill, 1991.

Studies

• J. Hoftijzer, “The Prophet Balaam in a 6th Century Aramaic Inscription”, The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 11-17, 1976.
• A. Caquot and Lemaire, A., “Les textes arameennes de Deir 'Allā”, Syria, vol. 54, pp. 189-208, 1977.
• G. Garbini, “L'iscrizione di Balaam Bar-Beor”, Henoch, vol. 1, pp. 166-188, 1979.
• M. Delcor, “Le Texte De Deir ‘Alla Et Les Oracles Bibliques De Bala‘am”, in Congress Volume Vienne 1980, J. A. Emerton, Ed. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1981, pp. 52-73.
• S. A. Kaufman, “Book Review: The Aramaic Texts from Deir 'Alla”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. 239, pp. 71-74, 1980.
• J. A. Hackett, “The Dialect of the Plaster Text from Tell Deir 'Alla”, Orientalia, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 57-65, 1984.
• “The Dialect of the Deir Alla Inscription”, Bibliotheca Orientalis, vol. 50, pp. 309-328, 1993.

Bibliography

• W. E. Aufrecht, A bibliography of the Deir ʻAlla plaster texts, vol. 2. Toronto: Department of Near Eastern Studies, University of Toronto, 1985.

Barhadad [S. A. Kaufman and Fitzmyer, J., Eds., An Aramaic Bibliography, Part I: Old, Official, and Biblical Aramaic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. P.11]

• A. Lemaire, “La stèle araméenne de Barhaddad”, Orientalia, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 337-349, 1984.
• P. Bordreuil and Teixidor, J., “Nouvel examen de l'inscription de Bar-Hadad”, Aula Orientalis, vol. 1, pp. 73-91, 1983.
• A. J. Dearman and J. Miller, M., “The Melqart Stele and the Ben Hadads of Damascus: Two Studies”, Palestinian Exploration Quarterly, vol. 115, pp. 95-101, 1983.
• É. Puech, “La Stèle de Bar-hadad à Melqart et les Rois d'Arpad ”, Revue Biblique, vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 311-334, 1992.

Miscellaneous

• F. M. Fales, Aramaic Epigraphs on Clay Tablets of the Neo-Assyrian Period, N.S. Rome: Università degli studi La Sapienza, 1988.
  • Review in S. A. Kaufman, “Review: Assyro-Aramaica: Aramaic Epigraphs on Clay Tablets of the Neo-Assyrian Period by Mario Fales”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 109, no. 1, pp. 97-102, 1989. (with indexes).
• B. Aggoula, Inscriptions et graffites araméens d’Assour, vol. 2. Naples: [publisher not identified], 1985.

Official Aramaic

• For Grammars, see above: Old Aramaic, Grammars
• U. Weber and Wiesehöfer, J., Das Reich der Achaimeniden: eine Bibliographie. Berlin: Reimer, 1996. Pp. 129–146.
• **J. Naveh, “Hebrew and Aramaic in the Persian Period”, in The Cambridge history of Judaism. Introduction: The Persian period, W. David Davies and Finkelstein, L., Eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, pp. 115–129.
• J. M. Lindenberger and Richards, K. H., Ancient Aramaic and Hebrew Letters, Rev,. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2003.

Adon Letter [S. A. Kaufman and Fitzmyer, J., Eds., An Aramaic Bibliography, Part I: Old, Official, and Biblical Aramaic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. P.54]; KAI 2662

• J. Fitzmyer, “The Aramaic Letter of King Adon to the Egyptian Pharaoh”, Biblica, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 41-55, 1965.
• B. Porten, “The Identity of King Adon”, Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 44, pp. 36-52, 1981.

Elephantine

Primary

• A. E. Cowley, Aramaic Papyri of the Fifth Century BC . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923.
• E. G. H. Kraeling, The Brooklyn Museum Aramaic papyri: new documents of the fifth century B.C. from the Jewish colony at Elephantine, Repr. Brooklyn: Arno Press, 1969.
• B. Porten and Yardeni, A., Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt: 1. Letters, vol. 1, 4 vol. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1986.
• B. Porten and Yardeni, A., Textbook of Aramaic documents from Ancient Egypt: 2. Contracts, vol. 2, 4 vol. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1989.
• B. Porten and Yardeni, A., Textbook of Aramaic documents from ancient Egypt. 3. Literature, accounts, lists , vol. 3, 4 vol. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1993.
• B. Porten and Yardeni, A., Textbook of Aramaic documents from ancient Egypt: 4. Ostraca and assorted inscriptions, vol. 4, 4 vol. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1999.
• J. C. Greenfield and Porten, B., The Bisitun Inscription of Darius the Great: Aramaic Version, vol. 1. London: Lund Humphries, 1982..
  • J. - W. Wesselius, “Review of the Bisitun Inscription of Darius the Great: Aramaic Version”, Bibliotheca Orientalis, vol. 41, pp. 440-445, 1984. 
• Ahiqar: J. M. Lindenberger, The Aramaic Proverbs of Ahiqar. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983.
• I. Kottsieper, Die Sprache der Ahiqarspruche. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1990.

Studies

• J. C. Greenfield and Delcor, M., “Ahiqar in the book of Tobit”, in Mélanges bibliques et orientaux en l'honneur de M. Henri Cazelles, A. Caquot, Ed. Kevelaer: Butzon & Bercker, 1981, pp. 329–336.
• J. C. Greenfield, “The Wisdom of Ahiqar”, in Wisdom in ancient Israel: essays in honour of J.A. Emerton, J. A. Emerton, Day, J., Gordon, R. P., and Williamson, H. G. M., Eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 43-52.
• C. Grotanelli, “Aesop in Babylon”, in Mesopotamien und seine Nachbarn: politische und kulturelle Wechselbeziehungen im alten Vorderasien vom 4. bis 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr., vol. 2, H. - J. Nissen and Renger, J., Eds. Berlin: D. Reimer, 1987, pp. 555–572.
• Ostraca: J. Fitzmyer, A Wandering Aramean: Collected Aramaic Essays. Chico: Scholars Press, 1979. Pp. 199–200 include a list of published ostraca letters.
• On the background: **B. Porten, Archives from Elephantine: the life of an ancient Jewish military colony. Berkeley: University of California, 1968.
• R. Yaron, Introduction to the law of the Aramaic papyri. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961.
• Y. Muffs, Studies in the Aramaic legal papyri from Elephantine. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1969.
• M. H. Silverman, Religious Values in the Jewish Proper Names at Elephantine. Kevelaer: Butzon & Bercker, 1985.

Arsham Archive

• G. R. Driver, Aramaic documents of the fifth century B.C. Zeller: Osnabrück, 1954.
• B. Porten and A. Yardeni [see under Elephantine].

Hermopolis Letters

• E. Bresciani and Kamil, M., “Le lettere aramaiche di Hermopolis”, Atti della Accademia nazionale dei Lincei, Memorie, Classe di Scienze morali, storiche e filologiche (VIII, 12), vol. 5, pp. 357-428, 1966.
• B. Porten and A. Yardeni [see under Elephantine].
• On this archive, see B. Porten and Greenfield, J. C., “The Aramaic Papyri from Hermopolis”, Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, vol. 80, pp. 216-231, 1968.
  • J. T. Milik, “Les Papyrus Arameens d'Hermopolis et les Cultes Syro-pheniciens”, Biblica , vol. 48, pp. 546–622, 1967.

Saqqara

• J. B. - Z. Segal and Smith, H. S., Aramaic texts from North Saqqâra: with some fragments in Phoenician. London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1983.
  • Reviews: 
    • J. Teixidor, “Book Review: Aramaic Texts from North Saqqâra with Some Fragments in Phoenician”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 105, no. 4, pp. 731-734, 1985.
    • R. Zadok, “Book Review: Aramaic Texts from North Saqqara with Some Fragments in Phoenician. Excavations at North Saqqara Documentary Series under the General Direction of H. S. Smith, 4 = Texts from Excavations”, Die Welt des Orients, vol. 16, pp. 173-176, 1985.
    • S. Shaked, “Book Review: Aramaic Texts from North Saqqâra with some Fragments in Phoenician. Excavations at North Saqqâra: Documentary Series, 4”, Orientalia, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 407-413, 1987.
    • H. G. M. Williamson, “Book Review: Aramaic Texts from North Saqqâra with Some Fragments in Phoenician”, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, vol. 73, pp. 265-269, 1987.

On Aramaic texts from Egypt in General

• P. Grelot, Documents araméens d’Egypte. Paris: Éd. du Cerf, 1972.
  • With corrections by author in P. Grelot, “Jews of Elephantine and Arameans of Syene. Aramaic Texts with Translations (Dept. of the History of the Jewish People. Texts and Studies for Students) by Bezalel Porten, Jonas G. Greenfield )”, Revue Biblique, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 288-292, 1975.
  • Y. Aharoni, Naveh, J., and Rainey, A. F., Eds., Arad Inscriptions. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1981.
  • Review in J. C. Greenfield, “A New Corpus of Aramaic Texts of the Achaemenid Period from Egypt”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 131-135, 1976.
• R. Contini, “I documenti aramaico dell’Egitto persiano e tolemaico”, Rivista Biblica, vol. 34, pp. 73–109, 1986.
• For coins from Egypt with Aramaic inscriptions see Lipinski (pp. 23-34) in S. Scheers, Ed., Studia Paulo Naster Oblata, I: Numismatica Antiqua, vol. 12. Louvain: Peeters, 1982.
• Other texts from Egypt: N. Aimé-Giron, Textes araméens d’Egypte. Cairo: French Institute of Eastern Archaeology, 1931.

Persepolis [S. A. Kaufman and Fitzmyer, J., Eds., An Aramaic Bibliography, Part I: Old, Official, and Biblical Aramaic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. Pp. 165–166]

• R. A. Bowman, Aramaic Ritual Objects from Persepolis. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1970.
  • Reviews: 
    • R. Degen, “R.A. Bowman, Aramaic Ritual Texts from Persepolis, Chicago 1970”, Bibliotheca Orientalis, vol. 31, pp. 124-127, 1974.
    • B. A. Levine, “Aramaic Texts from Persepolis”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 92, pp. 70-79, 1972.
    • S. Shaked and Naveh, J., “Ritual Texts or Treasury Documents?”, Orientalia, vol. 42, pp. 445-457, 1973.

Arad [S. A. Kaufman and Fitzmyer, J., Eds., An Aramaic Bibliography, Part I: Old, Official, and Biblical Aramaic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. P.29], Idumaea

• Y. Aharoni, Naveh, J., and Rainey, A. F., Eds., Arad Inscriptions. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1981.
  • Review in A. Lemaire, “Book Review: Arad Inscriptions. Judean Desert Studies. Jerusalem”, Orientalia, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 444-447, 1983.
• A. Lemaire, Nouvelles inscriptions araméennes d’Idumée au Musée d’Israël , vol. 1, 2 vol. Paris: Gabalda, 1996.
• I. Eph'al and Naveh, J., Aramaic Ostraca of the 4th century BC from Idumaea . Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1996.

Teima [S. A. Kaufman and Fitzmyer, J., Eds., An Aramaic Bibliography, Part I: Old, Official, and Biblical Aramaic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. Pp.149–158]

• R. Degen, “Neue Fragmente aramaeischer Papyri aus Elephantine I”, Neue Ephemeris für semitische Epigraphik, vol. 2, pp. 71-81, 1974.
  • K. Beyer and Livingstone, A., “Die neuesten aramäischen Inschriften aus Taima”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, vol. 137, no. 2, pp. 285-296, 1987.
  • F. M. Cross, “A new Aramaic stele from Tayma”, Catholic Biblical Quarterly, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 387-394, 1986.

Samaria Papyri [S. A. Kaufman and Fitzmyer, J., Eds., An Aramaic Bibliography, Part I: Old, Official, and Biblical Aramaic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. P.30]

• F. M. Cross, “The Discovery of the Samaria Papyri”, The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 26, pp. 110-121, 1963.; and in J. A. Emerton, Ed., Congress Volume Jerusalem 1986. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1988..
• D. M. Gropp, “The Language of the Samaria Papyri: A Preliminary Study”, Maarav, vol. 5-6, pp. 169-188, 1990.

Inscriptions from Asia Minor

• R. S. Hanson, “Aramaic Funerary and Boundary Inscriptions from Asia Minor”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. 192, pp. 3-11, 1968.
• Sardis bilingual: W. Röllig, Kanaanaische und aramaische Inschriften: Texte, vol. 1, 2 vol. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1962. P. 260. [S. A. Kaufman and Fitzmyer, J., Eds., An Aramaic Bibliography, Part I: Old, Official, and Biblical Aramaic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. P.163
• Xanthos trilingual [S. A. Kaufman and Fitzmyer, J., Eds., An Aramaic Bibliography, Part I: Old, Official, and Biblical Aramaic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. P.164]: A. Lemaire, “The Xanthos Trilingual Revisited”, in Solving Riddles and Untying Knots. Biblical, Epigraphic, and Semitic Studies in Honour of J.C. Greenfield, Z. Zevit, Gittin, S., and Sokoloff, M., Eds. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1995, pp. 423-432.

P.Amherst 63 (Aramaic in Demotic script)

• S. P. Vleeming and Wesselius, J. - W., Studies in Papyrus Amherst 63: essays on the Aramaic texts in Aramaic-demotic Papyrus Amherst 63. Amsterdam: Juda Palache Instituut, 1985.
• C. F. Nims and Steiner, R., “A Paganized Version of Psalm 20:2-6 From the Aramaic Text in Demotic Script”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 103, pp. 261-274, 1983.
• R. Steiner and Nims, C. F., “You Can't Offer Your Sacrifice and Eat It Too: A Polemical Poem from the Aramaic Text in Demotic Script”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies , vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 89-114, 1984.
• R. Steiner and Nims, C. F., “Ashurbanipal and Shamash-Shum-Ukin: A Tale of Two Brothers from the Aramaic Text in Demotic Script: Part 1 ”, Revue Biblique, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 60-81, 1985.

Seal Inscriptions, etc.

• F. Vattioni, “I sigilli, le monete, e gli avori aramaici”, Augustinianum, vol. 11, pp. 47-87, 1971.
• P. Bordreuil, Catalogue des sceaux ouest-sémitiques inscrits de la Bibliothèque Nationale, du Musée du Louvre et du Musée biblique de Bible et Terre Sainte. Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale, 1986.
• A. Lemaire, “Cinq sceaux araméens inscrits inédits”, Syria, vol. 59, no. 1-2, pp. 109-116, 1982.
• S. Shaked and Naveh, J., “Three Aramaic Seals of the Achaemenid Period”, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 1, pp. 21-29, 1986.

Middle Aramaic

• D. Boyarin and J. Kerns, A., “An Inquiry into the Formation of the Middle Aramaic Dialects”, in Bono homini donum: essays in historical linguistics in memory of J. Alexander Kerns, vol. 2, 2 vol., Y. L. Arbeitman and Bomhard, A. R., Eds. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins, 1982, pp. 613–649.
• J. C. Greenfield, “Standard Literary Aramaic”, in Actes du premièr congres international de linguistique sémitique et chamito-sémitique, Paris 16-19 Juillet 1969, A. Caquot and Cohen, D., Eds. Paris: Mouton, 1974, pp. 280-289.
• S. Shaked, “Iranian Loanwords in Middle Aramaic”, Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. 2, pp. 259–261, 1987.
• A. Vivian, “I dialetti giudaici dell’aramaico medio e tardo”, Oriens Antiquus, vol. 15, pp. 56-60, 1976.

Biblical Aramaic

Dictionaries

• F. Brown, Robinson, E., Driver, S. R., Briggs, C. A., and Gesenius, W., A Hebrew and English lexicon of the Old Testament, with an appendix containing the Biblical Aramaic, based on the lexicon of William Gesenius as translated by Edward Robinson. New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1906.
• L. Köhler and Baumgartner, W., Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament [5], 3rd ed., vol. 5, 5 vol. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
• E. Vogt, Lexicon Linguae Aramaicae Veteris Testamenti: documentis antiquis illustratum, 2nd ed. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1994.
  • Review in R. Degen, “Ein neues Wörterbuch für das Biblisch-Aramäische”, Orientalia, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 116-125, 1975.

Grammars

• H. Bauer and Leander, P., Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramäischen. Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1927.
• F. E. Greenspahn, An Introduction to Aramaic, 2nd ed. Atlanta: Society of Biblical literature, 2007.
• E. Qimron, Diqduq ha-Aramit ha-Mikra'it. Be'er-Sheva': Universitat Ben-Guryon ba-Negev, 1990.
• F. Rosenthal, A Grammar of Biblical Aramaic. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1961.
  • Index: G. H. Wilson, “An Index to the Biblical Passages Cited in Franz Rosenthal, A Grammar of Biblical Aramaic”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 21-24, 1979.
• S. Segert [see under Old And Official Aramaic].

Studies

• Surveys in F. Rosenthal, Die aramaistische Forschung: seit Th. Nöldeke's Veröffentlichungen. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1964. Pp. 60–71
  • And in E. Y. Kutscher, Ben-Ḥayyim, Z., Dotan, A., and Sarfatti, G. B., Eds., Hebrew and Aramaic Studies. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1977. Pp. 142–146.
• W. Baumgartner, “Das Aramäische im Buch Daniel”, Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, vol. 45, pp. 142–146, 1927.
• P. W. Coxon, “The Problem of Consonantal Mutations in Biblical Aramaic”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, vol. 129, no. 1, pp. 8-22, 1979.
  • R. Degen, “Aramäisch I: im Altes Testament”, Theologische Realenzyklopädie, vol. 3, pp. 599–602, 1978.
• S. E. Fassberg, “The Origin of the Ktib/Qre in the Aramaic Portions of Ezra and Daniel”, Vetus Testamentum, vol. 39, pp. 1-12, 1989.
• R. W. Garr, “On the Alternation between Construct and ‘Di’ Phrases in Biblical Aramaic”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 35, pp. 213–231, 1990.
• H. L. Ginsburg, Studies in Daniel . New York: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1948.
  • Review in F. Rosenthal, “Review: Studies in Daniel by H. Louis Ginsberg”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 173-174, 1949.
• A. Hurvitz, “The Chronological Significance of 'Aramaisms' in Biblical Hebrew”, Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 18, pp. 234–240, 1968.
• **Y. Yerušalmi, The Aramaic sections of Ezra and Daniel: a philological commentary with frequent references to Talmudic Aramaic parallels an a synopsis of the regular verb. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, Jewish Institute of Religion, 1978.
• E. F. Kautsch, Die Aramaismen im Altes Testament . Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1902.
  • Review in T. Nöldeke, “Review: Die Aramaismen im Altes Testament”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, vol. 57, pp. 412–420, 1903.
• K. Kitchen, “The Aramaic of Daniel”, in Notes on some problems in the Book of Daniel, D. John Wiseman and et al., Eds. London: Tyndale Press, 1965.
  • Review in H. H. Rowley, “Review: D. J. WISEMAN , T. C. MITCHELL , R. JOYCE , W. J. MARTIN and K. A. KITCHEN, Notes on Some Problems in the Book of Daniel. 1965. Pp. 79. (Tyndale Press, London. Price: 8s. 6d.)”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 112-116, 1966.
• S. Morag and Rosén, H. B., “Biblical Aramaic in Geonic Babylonia”, in Studies in Egyptology and linguistics: in honour of H. J. Polotsky, Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1964, pp. 117-131.
• T. Muraoka, “Notes on the Syntax of Biblical Aramaic”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 151–167, 1966.
• H. B. Rosén, “On the Use of Tenses in the Aramaic of Daniel”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 183–203, 1961.
• H. H. Rowley, The Aramaic of the Old Testament: a grammatical and lexical study of its relations with other early Aramaic dialects. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1929.
• Z. Stefanovic, Aramaic of daniel in the light of old Aramaic. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1992.
• A. S. van der Woude, The Book of Daniel in the Light of New Findings. Louvain: Peeters, 1993.
• A. Vivian, Studi di sintassi contrastivo: Dialetti aramaici , vol. 1. Firenze: Istituto di Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Università di Firenze, 1981. [Daniel Aramaic, MT, Syriac].
• M. Wagner, Die Lexikalischen und Grammatikalischen Aramaismen im alttestamentlichen Hebräisch. Berlin: Töpelmann, 1966.
  • Review in R. Degen, “Review: Die lexikalischen und grammatikalischen Aramaismen im alttestamentlichen Hebräisch by Max Wagner ”, Oriens, vol. 21/22, pp. 386–391, 1968.
  • Review in K. Beyer, “[Review:] Max Wagner, Die Lexikalischen und Grammatikalischen Aramaismen im alttestamentlichen Hebräisch”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, vol. 120, pp. 195-198, 1970.

Commentaries

• Ezra: H. G. M. Williamson, Ezra, Nehemiah. Waco: Word Books, 1985.
• Daniel:
  • J. J. Collins, Cross, F. M., and Collins, A. Y., Daniel: a commentary on the book of Daniel. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1994.
  • J. E. Goldingay, Daniel. Waco: Word Books, 1989.
  • L. F. Hartman and Di Lella, A. A., The Book of Daniel. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.
  • J. Margain, Le Livre de Daniel: commentaire philologique du texte araméen. Paris: Beauchesne, 1994.

Aramaic Texts Of The Hellenistic Period

Asoka’s Edict [ArBib p.166–169]

• F. R. Allchin and Norman, K. R., “Guide to the Asokan Inscriptions”, South Asian Studies, vol. 1, pp. 43-50, 1985.
• B. N. Mukherjee, Studies in the Aramaic edicts of Aśoka. Calcutta: Indian Museum, 1984.
• G. P. Carratelli and Garbini, G., A bilingual Graeco-Aramaic edict by Aśoka: the first Greek inscription discovered in Afghanistan. Rome: Istituto italiano per il medio ed estremo Oriente, 1964.

Qumran Aramaic

• B. Z. Wacholder, “The Ancient Judaeo-Aramaic Literature (500–164 BCE): A Classification of Pre-Qumranic Texts”, in Archaeology and history in the Dead Sea scrolls: the New York University conference in memory of Yigael Yadin, L. H. Schiffman, Ed. Sheffield: Journal for the study of the Old Testament Press, 1990, pp. 257-281. (Dates Qumran Aramaic literature to 3/2nd cent. BC.)

Collection of texts [list of Aramaic fragments in J. Fitzmyer, A Wandering Aramean: Collected Aramaic Essays. Chico: Scholars Press, 1979. Pp. 101–102]

• K. Beyer, Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer : samt den Inschriften aus Palästina, dem Testament Levis aus der Kairoer Genisa, der Fastenrolle und den alten talmudischen Zitaten. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1984.
  • K. Beyer, Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer : samt den Inschriften aus Palästina.. Ergänzungsband. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1994.
  • Review S. F. Bennett, “[On] Klaus Beyer, "Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer" (1984)”, Maarav, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 243-260, 1987.
• J. Fitzmyer and Harrington, D. J., A Manual of Palestinian Aramaic Texts: (second Century B.C.-second Century A.D.). Rome: Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblico, 1978.
• B. Jongeling, Labuschagne, C. J., and van der Woude, A. S., Eds., Aramaic texts from Qumran. Vol. I: The Job Targum from Cave 11, The Genesis Apocryphon from Cave 1, The Prayer of Nabonidus from Cave 4, New Series. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1976.

Main editions of individual texts

• J. Fitzmyer, The Genesis Apocryphon of Qumran Cave I. Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1971.
• J. T. Milik and Black, M., The books of Enoch: Aramaic fragments of Qumrân cave 4. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976.. 
  • For revised Aramaic-Greek index: L. T. Stuckenbruck, “Revision of Aramaic—Greek and Greek—Aramaic Glossaries in the Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments of Qumrân Cave 4 by J. T. Milik ”, Journal of Jewish Studies , vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 13-48, 1990.
• M. Sokoloff, The Targum to Job from Qumran Cave XI. Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University, 1974.
• J. P. M. van der Ploeg, Le Targum de Job de la Grotte XI de Qumrân. Leiden: Brill, 1971.

Studies on Qumran Aramaic

• P. W. Flint, Vanderkam, J. C., and Cook, E. M., Eds., The Dead Sea scrolls after fifty years: a comprehensive assessment. Leiden: Brill, 1999. Pp. 359–378.
• J. Fitzmyer, “A Sketch of Qumran Aramaic”, in The Genesis Apocryphon of Qumran Cave I, Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1971.
• E. Y. Kutscher, “The Language of the Genesis Apocryphon”, in Hebrew and Aramaic Studies, Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1977, pp. 3-34.
• T. Muraoka, “Notes on the Aramaic of the Genesis Apocryphon”, Revue de Qumrân, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 7-51, 1972.
• T. Muraoka, “The Aramaic of the Old Targum of Job from Qumran Cave XI”, Journal of Jewish Studies, vol. 25, pp. 425–443, 1974.
• T. Muraoka, Ed., Studies in Qumran Aramaic. Louvain: Peeters Press, 1992.
• H. H. Rowley, “Notes on the Aramaic of the Genesis Apocryphon”, in Hebrew and semitic studies presented to Godfrey Rolles Driver in celebration of his 70. birthday 20 Aug. 1962, D. W. Thomas, Ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963, pp. 190–206.
• S. Segert, “Sprachliche Bemerkungen zu einigen aramäischen Texten von Qumran”, Archiv Orientalni, vol. 33, pp. 190–206, 1965.
• M. Sokoloff, “Notes on the Aramaic Fragments of Enoch from Qumran Cave 4”, Maarav, vol. 1, pp. 201-203, 1978.

Palestinian Inscriptions and Documents (Roman Period)

Collections of Texts

• K. Beyer (see above: Qumran Aramaic, Collection of texts), pp.339–53.
• J. Fitzmyer and D.Harrington (see above: Qumran Aramaic, Collection of texts).
• J. Naveh, ‘Al psiphis wa-’even. Tel Aviv: Pel'i, 1978.
• J. Naveh, On Sherd and Papyrus. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1992.

Studies

• P. - E. Dion, “Les types épistolaires hébréo- araméens jusqu'au temps de Bar- Kokhbah”, Revue Bibliue, vol. 86, no. 4, pp. 544-579, 1979.
• J. Fitzmyer, “Some Notes on Aramaic Epistolography”, Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 201-225, 1974.
• E. Y. Kutscher, “The Language of the Hebrew and Aramaic Letters of Bar Kochba and his Contemporaries [in Hebrew]”, in Hebrew and Aramaic Studies, Z. Ben-Ḥayyim, Dotan, A., and Sarfatti, G. B., Eds. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1977, pp. 136–153.
• É. Puech, “[article]”, in Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 5, 6 vol., D. N. Freedman, Ed. 1992, pp. 130-135.
• S. Segert, “Zur Orthographie und Sprache der aramaischen Texte von Wadi Murabba’at”, Archiv Orientalni, vol. 31, pp. 122-137, 1963.

Aramaic In First Century Palestine

• **J. Barr, “What Language did Jesus Speak? Some Remarks of a Semitist”, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, vol. 52, pp. 9–29, 1970.
• H. Birkeland, The Language of Jesus. Oslo: J. Dybwad, 1954.
• M. Black, “Aramaic Studies and the Language of Jesus”, Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die altestamentliche Wissenschaft, vol. 103, pp. 17-28, 1968.
• G. H. Dalman, The words of Jesus: considered in the light of post-biblical Jewish writings Jewish writings and the Aramaic language. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1902.
• M. Delcor, “Le Targum de Job et l'araméen du temps de Jésus”, Revue des Sciences Religieuses, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 232-261, 1973.
• J. A. Emerton, “The Problem of Vernacular Hebrew in the First Century AD and the Language of Jesus”, Journal of Theological Studies, vol. 24, pp. 1-23, 1973.
• **J. Fitzmyer, A Wandering Aramean: Collected Aramaic Essays. Chico: Scholars Press, 1979. Pp. 6–10, 38–43.
• **J. C. Greenfield, “The Languages of Palestine”, in Jewish languages, theme and variations, H. H. Paper, Ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Association for Jewish Studies, 1978, pp. 143-154.
• G. Lasry, “Some Remarks on the Jewish Dialectal Aramaic of Palestine during the First Centuries of the Christian Era”, Augustinianum, vol. 8, pp. 468-476, 1968.
• A. Meyer, Jesu Muttersprache: das galiläische Aramäisch in seiner Bedeutung für die Erklärung der Reden Jesu und der Evangelien überhaupt. Freiburg: Mohr, 1896.
• H. Ott, “Um die Muttersprache Jesu Forschungen seit Gustaf Dalman”, Novum Testamentum, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-25, 1967.
• C. Rabin, “Hebrew and Aramaic in the First Century”, in The Jewish people in the first century: historical geography, political history, social, cultural and religious life and institutions, vol. 2, 2 vol., S. Safrai and Stern, M., Eds. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1976, pp. 1037–1039.
• E. D. Schürer, Millar, F., and Vermes, G., The history of the Jewish people in the age of Jesus Christ, vol. 2, 3 vol. Edinburgh: T. & T. Black, 1979. Pp. 23–8.
• G. Vermes, Jesus the Jew: a historian's reading of the Gospels. London: Fontana, 1976. Pp. 52–4, 160–8, 188–91.

Aramaic and New Testament Studies

• M. Black and Vermes, G., An Aramaic Approach to the Gospels and Acts, 3rd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
  • Review: J. C. Greenfield, “An Aramaic Approach to the Gospels. Matthew Black”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 58-61, 1972.
  • J. Fitzmyer, “Review of 'An Aramaic Approach to the Gospels and Acts'”, Catholic Bible Quarterly, vol. 30, pp. 417-428, 1968.
• M. Casey, Aramaic Sources of Mark’s Gospel . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
• A. D. Macho, Targum y Nuevo Testamento: Studi e Testi . Vatican City: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1964. Pp. 153–85.
• A. D. Macho, “Arameo del Targum Pal.: Sustrato arameo de Evangelios y Actos y critica neotestamentaria”, in Neophyti 1. 4, Números : Targum palestinense, Ms. de la Biblioteca vaticana, vol. 4, Madrid ; Barcelona: Consejo superior de investigaciones cientifícas, 1974, p. 78*–102*.
• J. A. Emerton, “Maranatha and Ephphatha”, Journal of Theological Studies, vol. 18, pp. 427–431, 1967.
• **J. Fitzmyer, A Wandering Aramean: Collected Aramaic Essays. Chico: Scholars Press, 1979. Ch.1–5, 
  • J. Fitzmyer, “The Aramaic Language and the Study of the New Testament”, Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 99, pp. 5-21, 1980.
• **J. Dupont, “Methodology in the Study of the Aramaic Substratum of Jesus’ Sayings in the New Testament”, in Jésus aux origines de la christologie, Louvain: Peeters, 1989, pp. 77–102, 418–419.
• P. Grelot, “L’arriere plan araméen du Pater”, Revue Biblique, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 531–556, 1984.
• J. Jeremias, (various books).
• R. Le Deaut, Liturgie juive et nouveau testament: le temoignage des versions arameennes. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1965.
  • English translation: R. Le Deaut and Miletic, S. F., The message of the New Testament and the Aramaic Bible (Targum). Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1982.
• **M. MacNamara, The New Testament and the Palestinian Targum to the Pentateuch. Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1966.
• E. C. Maloney, Semitic interference in Marcan syntax. Chico: Scholars Press, 1981.
• G. Mussies, “The Use of Hebrew and Aramaic in the Greek New Testament”, New Testament Studies, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 416–432, 1984.
• P. Nickels, Targum and New Testament: a bibliography together with a New Testament index. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1967.
• J. Ramón Díaz, “Palestinian Targum and New Testament”, Novum Testamentum, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 75-80, 1963.
• H. P. Ruger, “Aramäisch II: im NT”, Theologische Realenzyklopädie, vol. 3, pp. 602–610, 1978.
• G. Schwarz, 'Und Jesus sprach’: Untersuchungen zur aramäischen Urgestalt der Worte Jesu, 1st ed. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1985.(And other books).
• L. T. Stuckenbruck, “An Approach to the New Testament through Aramaic Sources: The Recent Methodological debate”, Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 3-29, 1991.
• M. E. Wilcox, The Semitisms of Acts . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965.
  • Review: J. A. Emerton, “[Review: MAX WILCOX , The Semitisms of Acts]”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 282-297, 1986.
• M. E. Wilcox, “Semitisms in the New Testament”, in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, 2nd ed., vol. 2, no. 2, Berlin ; New York: De Gruyter, 1984, pp. 978–1029.
• P. Winter, “Luke 2:49 and Targum Yerushalmi”, Zeitschrift für Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft, vol. 45, pp. 145-179, 1954.
• F. P. Zimmermann, The Aramaic Origin of the Four Gospels . New York: KTAV Publishing House, 1979.
  • Review: J. Fitzmyer, “[Review: The Aramaic Origin of the Four Gospels]”, Theological Studies , vol. 41, pp. 193-195, 1980.
  • D. J. Harrington, “Reviewed Work: The Aramaic Origin of the Four Gospels by FRANK ZIMMERMANN”, The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 285-287, 1980.

Nabataean

Dictionaries and Grammar

• Jean-Hoftijzer (see above: Old Aramaic, Dictionaries).
• J. Cantineau, Le Nabatéen. 1. Notions générales, écriture, grammaire, vol. 1, 2 vol. Paris: Librairie E. Leroux, 1930.
• J. Cantineau, Le Nabatéen. 2. Choix de textes, lexique, vol. 2, 2 vol. Paris: Leroux, 1932.
• La religion des palmyreniens. Paris: J. Vrin, 1931.
• F. al-Khraysheh, “Die Personennamen in den nabatäischen Inschriften des Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum”, Lahn University, Marburg, 1986.
• A. Negev, Personal Names in the Nabataean Realm. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology. Hebrew University, 1991.

Main Collections of Texts

• Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres, Corpus inscriptionum Semiticarum II: Inscriptiones Aramaicas continens, vol. 2.2, 5 vol. Paris: Reipublicae Typographeo, 1906.
• G. A. Cooke, A Text-Book of North Semitic inscriptions, Moabite, Hebrew, Phoenician, Aramaic, Nabataean, Palmyrene, Jewish. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903.
• J. Cantineau, Le Nabatéen. 2. Choix de textes, lexique, vol. 2, 2 vol. Paris: Leroux, 1932.
• J. F. Healey, The Nabataean Tomb Inscriptions of Mada’in Salih. Oxford: Oxford University Press on behalf of the University of Manchester, 1993.
• E. Littmann, Semitic Inscriptions: Aramaic Nabatean Inscriptions. Leiden: Brill, 1914.
• A. Negev, The Inscriptions of Wadi Haggag Sinai. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1977.

General background

• C. Auge and Dentzer, J. - M., Petra: the Rose Red City. London: Thames & Hudson, 2000.
• I. Brown, Petra. London: Chatto & Windus, 1973. [On travellers, archaeology].
• N. Glueck, Deities and Dolphins: The Story of the Nabateans. New York: Farra, Straus and Giroux, 1965.
• **D. F. Graf, “Nabateans”, vol. 4, 6 vol., D. N. Freedman, Ed. New York: Doubleday, 1992, pp. 970-973.
• P. C. Hammond, The Nabateans: Their History, Culture, and Archaeology. Gothenburg: P. Åström, 1973.
• J. Hoftijzer, Religio Aramaica: godsdienstige verschijnselen in Aramese teksten. Leiden: Ex Oriente Lux, 1968., ch.3.
• A. Kammerer, Petra et la Nabatene [Text], vol. 1, 2 vol. Paris: Librarie orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1929.
• A. Kammerer, Petra et la Nabatene [Atlas], vol. 2, 2 vol. Paris: Librarie orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1930.
• J. I. Lawlor, The Nabateans in Historical Perspective. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1974.
• M. Lindner, Die Könige von Petra. Ludwigsburg: Die Karawane, 1968.
• M. Lindner, Petra und das Königreich der Nabatäer: Lebensraum, Geschichte und Kultur eines arabischen Volkes der Antike, 3rd ed. Munich: Delp, 1980.
• A. Negev, “The Nabateans and the Provincia Arabia”, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, Principat, vol. 8, pp. 520-686, 1977.
• A. Negev, “Nabatean Inscriptions in Southern Sinai”, Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 45, pp. 21-25, 1982.
• A. Negev, “Obodas the God”, Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 36, pp. 56-60, 1986.
• M. O'Connor, “The Arabic Loanwords in Nabatean Aramaic”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 45, pp. 213-229, 1986.
• G. H. Salies, Ed., Die Nabatäer: Erträge einer Ausstellung im Rheinischen Landesmuseum Bonn, 24. Mai-9. Juli, 1978. Köln: Rheinland-Verlag, 1981.
• D. Sourdel, Les cultes du Hauran a l’époque romaine. Paris: Geuthner, 1962.
• J. Starcky, “Petra et la Nabatene”, Dictionnaire de la Bible: Supplement, vol. 7, pp. 886-1017, 1966.
• **J. Starcky, “The Nabateans: A Historical Sketch”, Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 18, pp. 84-106, 1955.
• J. Teixidor, The Pagan God . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977. ch.3.
• R. Wenning, Die Nabatäer, Denkmäler und Geschichte: eine Bestandesaufnahme des archäologischen Befundes. Freiburg; Göttingen: Universitätsverlag; Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1987.

Palmyrene

Dictionaries

• J. Hoftijzer and Jean, C. - F., Dictionnaire des inscriptions sémitiques de l'Ouest, 2nd ed., vol. 1, 2 vol. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1963.
• J. Hoftijzer and Jean, C. - F., Dictionnaire des inscriptions sémitiques de l’Ouest, 2nd ed., 2 vol. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1995.
• J. K. Stark, Personal Names in the Palmyrene Inscriptions . Oxford: Claredon, 1971.
  • Review in R. Degen, “[Review: Personal names in Palmyrene inscriptions]”, Bibliotheca Orientalis, vol. 29, pp. 210-216, 1972.

Grammars

• J. Cantineau, Grammaire du palmyrenien epigraphique. Cairo: Imprimerie de l'Institute français d'archéologie Orientale, 1935.
• F. Rosenthal, Die Sprache der palmyrenischen Inschriften. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrich, 1936.

Collections of Texts

• Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres, Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum IV, vol. 3.2, 5 vol. Paris: Reipublicae Typographeo, 1947.
• G. A. Cooke, A Text-Book of North Semitic inscriptions, Moabite, Hebrew, Phoenician, Aramaic, Nabataean, Palmyrene, Jewish. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903.
• J. Cantineau, “Tadmorea [1]”, Syria, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 169-202, 1933. [compare also 1931]
• J. Cantineau, “Tadmorea [2]”, Syria, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 267-282, 1936.
• J. Cantineau, “Tadmorea [3]”, Syria, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 153-171, 1938.
• J. Cantineau, and others, Inventaire des inscriptions de Palmyre I-XII (Beirut, 1930–1975).
  • 1. J. Cantineau, Teixidor, J., and Dimashq, M., Inventaire des inscriptions de Palmyre [I]: Introduction; Le temple de Be'el Semin, vol. 1, 12 vol. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1930.
  • 2. J. Cantineau, Inventaire des inscriptions de Palmyre [II]: Les colonnes honorifiques, vol. 2, 12 vol. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1930.
  • 3. J. Cantineau, Inventaire des inscriptions de Palmyre [III]: La grande colonnade, vol. 3, 12 vol. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1930.
  • 4. J. Cantineau, Inventaire des inscriptions de Palmyre [IV]: La vallée des tombeaux, vol. 4, 12 vol. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1930.
  • 5. J. Cantineau, Inventaire des inscriptions de Palmyre [V]: La colonnade transversale, vol. 5, 12 vol. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1931.
  • 6. J. Cantineau, Inventaire des inscriptions de Palmyre [VI]: Le camp de Dioclétien, vol. 6, 12 vol. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1931.
  • 7. J. Cantineau and Starcky, J., Inventaire des inscriptions de Palmyre [VII]: Les Nécropoles nord-ouest et nord, vol. 7, 12 vol. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1931.
  • 8. J. Cantineau and Starcky, J., Inventaire des inscriptions de Palmyre [VIII]: Le dépot des antiquités, vol. 8, 12 vol. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1936.
  • 9. J. Cantineau, Inventaire des inscriptions de Palmyre [IX]: Le Sanctuaire de Bêl, vol. 9, 12 vol. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1933.
  • 10. Inventaire des inscriptions de Palmyre [X]: L' agora, vol. 10, 12 vol. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1949.
  • 11. J. Teixidor, Inventaire des inscriptions de Palmyre [XI]: Autels. Textes funéraires. Dédicaces diverses. Textes du Mur T., vol. 11, 12 vol. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1965.
  • 12. A. Bounni and Teixidor, J., Inventaire des inscriptions de Palmyre [XII]: . Damascus: Direction générale des antiquités et des musées de la République Arabe Syrienne, 1975.
• C. Dunant, Le sanctuaire de Baalshamin à Palmyre. Vol. 3, Les inscriptions, vol. 3. Rome: Institut Suisse de Rome, 1971.
  • Review in R. Degen, “Reviewed Work: Le sanctuaire de Baalshamin à Palmyre. Vol. III: Les inscriptions. Institut suisse de Rome 1971 [1972] by Christiane Dunant”, Die Welt des Orients, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 128-134, 1975.
• M. Gawlikowski, Recueil d'inscriptions palmyréniennes: provenant de fouilles syriennes et polonaises récentes à Palmyre. Paris: Imprimerie National, 1974.
  • Review in B. Aggoula, “Reviewed Work: Recueil d'inscriptions palmyréniennes by Michel Gawlikowski”, Syria, vol. 54, no. 3/4, pp. 281-285, 1977.
• D. R. Hillers and Cussini, E., Palmyrene Aramaic texts. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.. Collects all published texts, with glossary.
• “Wisconsin Palmyrene Aramaic Inscription Project”. 2017.3

General background

• K. Assa'd and Ruprechtsberger, E. M., Palmyra, Geschichte, Kunst und Kultur der syrischen Oasenstadt: einführende Beiträge und Katalog zur Ausstellung. Linz: Gutenberg, 1987.
• M. A. R. Colledge, The art of Palmyra. London: Thames and Hudson, 1976.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, The Religion of Palmyra. Leiden: Brill, 1976.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Hatra, Palmyra, und Edessa”, in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 2, Principat, vol. 8, Berlin ; New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1977, pp. 837–896, 899–904.
• J. G. Février, Essai sur l’histoire politique et economique de Palmyre. Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 1931.
• La religion des palmyreniens. Paris: J. Vrin, 1931.
• J. Hoftijzer, Religio Aramaica: godsdienstige verschijnselen in Aramese teksten. Leiden: Ex Oriente Lux, 1968. ch.4.
• J. T. Milik, Dédicaces faites par des dieux (Palmyre, Hatra, Tyr) et des thiases sémitiques à l'époque romaine, vol. 1. Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1972.
• **J. Starcky, Palmyre. Paris: A. Maisonneuve, 1952.
• J. Starcky, “Palmyre”, Dictionnaire de la Bible: Supplement, vol. 6, pp. 1066–1103, 1960.
• J. Starcky and Gawlikowski, M., Palmyre. Paris: Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient, 1985.
• J. Teixidor, The Pagan God . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977., ch.4.
• J. Teixidor, The Pantheon of Palmyra. Leiden: Brill, 1979.
• J. Teixidor, Un port romain du desert: Palmyre et son commerce d’Auguste a Caracalla. Paris: Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient, 1984.
• E. Will, Les Palmyréniens : la Venise des sables (Ier siècle avant - IIIème après J.-C.). Paris: Armand Colin, 1992.

Hatra

Dictionary

• S. Abbadi, Die Personennamen der Inschriften aus Hatra. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 1983.

Texts

• B. Aggoula, Inventaire des inscriptions hatreennes. Paris: Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1991.
• K. Beyer, Die aramäischen Inschriften aus Assur, Hatra und dem übrigen Ostmesopotamien: (datiert 44 v. Chr. bis 238 n. Chr.). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998.
• F. Vattioni, Le iscrizioni di Hatra. Naples: Istituto orientale di Napol, 1981. [Inscriptions 1–341].
• F. Vattioni, Hatra. Naples: Istituto universitario orientale di Napoli, 1996.
• The Hatran inscriptions were originally published in Arabic in Sumer 
  • It was then republished by Caquot in “Syria: Archéologie, art et histoire”. 1920.:
    • A. Caquot, “Nouvelles inscriptions araméennes de Hatra”, Syria, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 89-118, 1952.
    • A. Caquot, “Nouvelles inscriptions araméennes de Hatra [2]”, Syria, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 234-246, 1953.
    • A. Caquot, “Nouvelles inscriptions araméennes de Hatra (III)”, Syria, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 49-58, 1955.
    • A. Caquot, “Nouvelles inscriptions araméennes de Hatra (IV)”, Syria, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 261-272, 1955.
    • A. Caquot, “Nouvelles inscriptions araméennes de Hatra (V)”, Syria, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 1-16, 1963.
    • A. Caquot, “Nouvelles inscriptions araméennes de Hatra (VI)”, Syria, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 251-272, 1964. (= nos 1–206) 
  • Republished by Teixidor in J. Teixidor, “Aramaic Inscriptions of Hatra”, Sumer, vol. 20, pp. 77-80, 1964. (= nos 207–13)
  • Republished by Degen in R. Degen, “Neue aramäische Inschriften aus Hatra (Nr. 214–230)”, Die Welt des Orients, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 222-236, 1970.
    • R. Degen, “New Inscriptions from Hatra (nos. 231-280)”, Jaarbericht van het VooraziatischEgyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux, vol. 23, pp. 402-422, 1973.
    • R. Degen, “Weitere Inschriften aus Hatra (nr 281-335)”, Neue Ephemeris für semitische Epigraphik, vol. 3, pp. 67-111, 1978. (= nos 281–335).
  • Further inscriptions are published in Wal- Thaqāf wa-al-I'lām, “Sumer”. 1945. 
    • F. Safar, “Kitābāt al-Hadr'”, Sumer, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 69-74, 1978. (nos 336–41) 
    • F. Safar, “Kitābāt al-Hadr'”, Sumer, vol. 37, pp. 143-145, 1981. (no 342),
    • J. K. Ibrahim, “Kitābāt al-Hadr'”, Sumer, vol. 38, pp. 120-125, 1982. (nos 343–4),
    • H. al-Najafi, “The Inscriptions of Hatra”, Sumer, vol. 39, pp. 175-199, 1983. (nos 345–87),
    • M. S. Abdulla, “Excavation/Inscriptions at the Twelfth Temple (Temple of the god Nabu)”, Sumer, vol. 43, pp. 100–118, 1984.
    • F. Safar, “Kitābāt al-Hadr'”, Sumer, vol. 44, pp. 98-110, 1985.
  • B. Aggoula, “Remarques sur les inscriptions hatréenes IX”, Berytus , vol. 18, pp. 85–104, 1969.
    • B. Aggoula, “Remarques sur les inscriptions hatréenes II”, Mélanges de l'Université Saint Joseph, vol. 47, pp. 3–80, 1972.
    • B. Aggoula, “Remarques sur les inscriptions hatréenes III”, Syria, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 181–206, 1975. 
    • B. Aggoula, “Remarques sur les inscriptions hatréenes V”, Semitica, vol. 27, pp. 123–143, 1977.
    • B. Aggoula, “Remarques sur les inscriptions hatréenes VIII”, Syria, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 101–105, 1983.
    • B. Aggoula, “Remarques sur les inscriptions hatréenes IX”, Syria, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 251–257, 1983.
    • B. Aggoula, “Remarques sur les inscriptions hatréenes X”, Syria, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 281–285, 1985.
    • B. Aggoula, “Remarques sur les inscriptions hatréenes XII”, Syria, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 353–374, 1986.
    • B. Aggoula, “Remarques sur les inscriptions hatréenes XIII”, Syria, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 91–106, 1987.
    • B. Aggoula, “Remarques sur les inscriptions hatréenes XIII. Ibr IX, XIV, XX, XXI”, Syria, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 223–229, 1987.
    • B. Aggoula, “Remarques sur les inscriptions hatréenes VII”, Aula Orientalis , vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 31–37, 1983.

Grammatical studies

• A. Caquot, “L’araméen de Hatra”, Comptes rendus du Groupe linguistique d'études chamito-sémitique, vol. 9, pp. 87-89, 1960.
• R. Degen, “Die Genetivverbindung im Aramäischen der Hatra-Inschriften”, Orientalia, vol. 36, pp. 76-80, 1967.

General background

• R. Bertolino, La cronologia di Hatra: Interazione di archeologia e di epigrafia. Naples: Istituto universitario orientale, 1995.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Hatra, Palmyra, und Edessa”, in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 2, Principat, vol. 8, Berlin ; New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1977, pp. 837–896, 899–904. 803–37, 897–9.
• J. Hoftijzer, Religio Aramaica: godsdienstige verschijnselen in Aramese teksten. Leiden: Ex Oriente Lux, 1968., ch.5.
• A. Maricq, “Hatra de Sanatruq”, Syria, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 273-288, 1955.
• A. Maricq, “Classica et Orientalia: 2. Les dernieres annees de Hatra: L’alliance romaine”, Syria, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 288-305, 1957.
• W. al-Salihi, “The Shrine of Nebo at Hatra”, Iraq, vol. 45, pp. 140-145, 1983.
• J. B. - Z. Segal, “Arabs at Hatra”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 31, pp. 57–80, 1986.
• J. Teixidor, “The Kingdom of Adiabene and Hatra”, Berytus, vol. 17, pp. 1–11, 1967.
• J. Teixidor, “Notes Hatreennes”, Syria, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 273–284, 1964.
  • J. Teixidor, “Notes hatréennes [2]”, Syria, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 91-97, 1966.
• J. Teixidor, “Les arcades de Barmaren à Hatra”, Semitica, vol. 30, pp. 63-69, 1980.
• J. Walker, “The Coins of Hatra”, The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society, vol. 18, pp. 167-172, 1958.

Proto-Syriac (1st–3rd cent. AD)

Texts

• H. J. W. Drijvers, Old Syriac (Edessean) Inscriptions. Leiden: Brill, 1982. [no translation]
  • S. P. Brock, “Reviewed Work: Old-Syriac (Edessean) Inscriptions by H. J. W. Drijvers”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 133-134, 1973. [now replaced by Drijvers-Healey, below].
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “A Tomb for the Life of a King: A Recently Discovered Edessene Mosaic with a Portrait of King Abgar the Great”, Le Muséon, vol. 95, pp. 167–189, 1982.
  • See also J. B. - Z. Segal, “A Note on a Mosaic from Edessa”, Syria, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 107-110, 1983.
• *H. J. W. Drijvers and Healey, J. F., The Old Syriac Inscriptions of Edessa and Osrhoene: texts, translations and commentary, vol. 42. Leiden: Brill, 1999.. [Standard collection of texts, including legal documents of 240s, with translation].
• F. Vattioni, “Le iscrizioni siriache antiche”, Augustinianum, vol. 13, pp. 279–338, 1973. [transliteration and Italian translation].
• J. A. Goldstein, “The Syriac Bill of Sale from Dura-Europos”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 1-16, 1966.

• P. Mesopotamia A and B (dated 240, 242)

  • J. Teixidor, “Deux documents syriaques du IIIe siècle J.-C., provenant du moyen Euphrate”, Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, vol. 14, pp. 146-166, 1990.
  • J. Teixidor, “Un document syriaque de fermage de 242 après J-C”, Semitica, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 195–208, 1993.
  • S. P. Brock, “Some New Syriac Documents from the Third Century AD”, ARAM, vol. 3, pp. 259–267, 1991.

Grammatical studies etc.

• K. Beyer, “Der reichsaramaische Einschlag in der ältesten syrischen Literatur”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, vol. 116, no. 2, pp. 242–254, 1966.
• E. Jenni, “Die altsyrischen Inschriften 1–3. Jahrhundert n. Chr.”, Theologische Zeitschrift, vol. 21, pp. 371–385, 1965.
• J. Pirenne, “Aux origines de la graphie syriaque”, Syria, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 101-137, 1963.

General background

• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Hatra, Palmyra, und Edessa”, in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 2, Principat, vol. 8, Berlin ; New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1977, pp. 837–896, 899–904.
• J. B. - Z. Segal, “Pagan Monuments in the Vilayet of Urfa”, Anatolian Studies, vol. 3, pp. 97-119, 1953.
• J. B. - Z. Segal, Edessa: "The Blessed City". Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.

Other Inscriptions of the Parthian Period

Gulf

• É. Puech, “Inscriptions araméennes du Golfe: Failaka, Qala'at al-Bahreïn et Mulayha (ÉAU)”, Transeuphratene, vol. 16, pp. 31–55, 1998.

Caucasus

• K. Tsereteli, “The Armazian Script”, in Ancient Christianity in the Caucasus, T. Mgaloblishvili, Ed. Surrey: Curzon, 1998, pp. 155–162.
• Aramaic inscriptions from Armenia: 
  • A. Périkhanian, “Une inscription araméene du roi Artašēs trouvé à Zangouézour (Siwnik')”, Revue des etudes armeniennes, vol. 3, pp. 17-29, 1966.
  • A. Périkhanian, “Les inscriptions araméennes du roi Artachès”, Revue des etudes armeniennes, vol. 8, pp. 169-174, 1971.

Ideograms

• I. Gershevitch, “The Alloglottography of Old Persian”, Transactions of the Philological Society, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 114–190, 1979. [138–43 on Aramaic].
• J. Naveh, “The North Mesopotamian Aramaic Script Type in the Late Parthian Period”, Israel Oriental Studies, vol. 2, pp. 293–304, 1972.
• M. Nordio, Lessico dei logogrammi aramaici in medio-persiano. Venice: La tipografica, 1980.
  • W. Belardi, “[Review]: M. Nordio, Lessico dei logogrammi aramaici in medio-persiano”, Oriens Antiquus, vol. 22, pp. 159–161, 1983.
• B. Utas, Nyberg, H. Samuel, and Toll, C., Eds., Frahang i Pahlavik . Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1988.
  • S. Shaked, “Review: A Dictionary of Aramaic Ideograms in Pahlavi”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 75-81, 1993.
• J. Margain, Études sémitiques et samaritaines offertes à Jean Margain. Lausanne: Editions du Zebre, 1998.
• R. Stiehl, “Worterverzeichnis aramäischer Inschriften und anderer Urkunden aus parthischer Zeit”, in Geschichte der Hunnen IV, F. Altheim and Stiehl, R., Eds. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1962, pp. 110-125.
• C. Toll, “Die aramäische Ideogramme im Mittelpersischen”, in XXIV Deutscher Orientalistentag vom 26. bis 30. September 1988 in Köln: ausgewählte Vorträge, W. Diem and Falaturi, A., Eds. Stüttgart: F. Steiner, 1990, pp. 25-45.

Nisa

• M. - L. Chaumont, “Les ostraca de Nisa. Nouvelle contribution a l’histoire des Arsacides”, Journal Asiatique, vol. 256, pp. 11-35, 1968.
• M. Sznycer, “Ostraca d'epoque parthe trouves a Nisa (U.R.S.S.)”, Semitica, vol. 5, pp. 66–98, 1955.
• M. Sznycer, “Nouveaux Ostraca de Nisa”, Semitica, vol. 12, pp. 105–126, 1962. 
• M. Sznycer, “Quelques observations sur les Ostraca de Nisa”, Semitica, vol. 13, pp. 31-37, 1963.
• E. Bickermann, “On Ostracon 1760 of AD 91”, Bibliotheca Orientalis, vol. 23, pp. 15-17, 1966.

LATE ARAMAIC

JEWISH PALESTINIAN ARAMAIC

Dictionaries (also for Jewish Babylonian Aramaic)

• G. H. Dalman, Aramäisch-neuhebräisches Handwörterbuch zu Targum: Talmud und Midrasch, 2nd ed. Göttingen: Pfeiffer, 1938.
• M. Jastrow, A dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic literature, 2 vol. London: Luzac, 1903.
• A. Kohut, The Aruch Completum of Nathan b. Yehiel (Vilna, 1878–1892; 2nd ed., 1926, NY; reprinted 1957; Jerusalem, 1971; 8 vols.).
  • A. Kohut, ʻArukh ha-shalem [1], vol. 1, 8 vol. Vienna: [Publisher unidentified], 1878.
  • A. Kohut, ʻArukh ha-shalem [2], vol. 2, 8 vol. Vienna: [Publisher unidentified], 1880.
  • A. Kohut, ʻArukh ha-shalem [3], vol. 3, 8 vol. Vienna: [Publisher unidentified], 1882.
  • A. Kohut, ʻArukh ha-shalem [4], vol. 4, 8 vol. Vienna: [Publisher unidentified], 1885.
  • A. Kohut, ʻArukh ha-shalem [5], vol. 5, 8 vol. Vienna: [Publisher unidentified], 1892.
  • A. Kohut, ʻArukh ha-shalem [6], vol. 6, 8 vol. Vienna: [Publisher unidentified], 1892.
  • A. Kohut, ʻArukh ha-shalem [7], vol. 7, 8 vol. Vienna: [Publisher unidentified], 1891.
  • A. Kohut, ʻArukh ha-shalem [8], vol. 8, 8 vol. Vienna: [Publisher unidentified], 1892.
    • Review in W. Bacher, “Review [ ספר ערך השׁלם. Aruch completum..]”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, vol. 47, pp. 487-514, 1893.
• S. Krauss, Additamenta ad librum Aruch completum Alexandri Kohut. Vienna: Alexander Kohut Memorial Foundation, 1937.
• S. Krauss, Griechische und lateinische Lehnwörter in Talmud, Midrasch, und Targum, 2 vol. Berlin: S. Calvary, 1898.
  • On this work see G. Zuntz, “Greek Words in the Talmud”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 1, pp. 129–140, 1956.
  • D. Sperber, Essays on Greek and Latin in the Mishna. Jerusalem: Makor, 1982. Pp. 1–74.
• D. Sperber, A Dictionary of Greek and Latin Legal Terms in Rabbinic Literature. Ramat-Gan: Bar Ilan University Press, 1985.
• M. Sokoloff, A dictionary of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic of the Byzantine period, 2nd ed. Ramat Gan/ Baltimore: Bar Ilan University Press/ Johns Hopkins Univeristy Press, 2002.

Grammars, etc.

• G. H. Dalman, Grammatik des jüdisch-palästinischen Aramäisch nach den Idiomen des pälästinischen Talmud des Onkelostargum und Prophetentargum und der jerusalemischen Targume. Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1905. (reprinted 1960). [primarily a grammar of Targum Onkelos and Jonathan]
• S. E. Fassberg, A Grammar of the Palestinian Targum Fragments from the Cairo Geniza. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1990.
• D. M. Golomb, A Grammar of Targum Neofiti . Chico: Scholars Press, 1984.
  • Review in E. M. Cook, “Review of A Grammar of Targum Neofiti, by David Golomb”, Maarav, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 93-100, 1987.
• E. Y. Kutscher and Sokoloff, M., Studies in Galilean Aramaic. Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University, 1976.
• J. Lund, “The First Person Singular Past Tense of the Verb hwh in Jewish Palestinian Aramaic”, Maarav, vol. 4, pp. 191–199, 1987.
• C. Levias, A Grammar of Galilean Aramaic. New York: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1986. [in Hebrew]
• T. Muraoka, “A Study in Palestinian Jewish Aramaic”, Sefarad, vol. 46, pp. 3-21, 1985.
• H. Odeberg [see below: some texts].
• M. Schlesinger, “Das aramäische Verbum im Jerusalemischen Talmud”, Magazin fur Judische Geschichte und Literatur, vol. 16, pp. 1-9, 1889.
• W. B. Stevenson, Grammar of Palestinian Jewish Aramaic. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924.
• A. Tal, “Recent Studies in Palestinian Aramaic: The Demonstrative Pronouns”, Leshonenu, vol. 44, pp. 43–65, 1980.

Linguistic Surveys

• E. M. Cook, “A New Perspective on the Language of Onkelos and Jonathan”, in The Aramaic Bible: Targums in their historical context, D. Robert Geo Beattie and McNamara, M., Eds. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1994, pp. 142–156.
• R. Degen, “Aramäisch III: Judisch-Aramäisch”, in Theologische Realenzyklopädie, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1978, pp. 610–613.
• S. A. Kaufman, “Dating the Language of the Palestinian Targums”, in The Aramaic Bible: Targums in their historical context, D. Robert Geo Beattie and McNamara, M., Eds. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1994, pp. 118–141.
• E. Y. Kutscher, Ben-Ḥayyim, Z., Dotan, A., and Sarfatti, G. B., Eds., Hebrew and Aramaic Studies. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1977. Pp. 166–175.
  • E. Y. Kutscher, “Aramaic Inscriptions of Hatra”, in Encyclopedia Judaica, 2nd ed., vol. 2, F. Skolnik and Berenbaum, M., Eds. Farmington Hills: Thomson Gale, 2007, pp. 347-348.
• R. Macuch, “Recent Studies in Palestinian Aramaic: The Demonstrative Pronouns”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 50, pp. 437–448, 1987. [on Golomb, G1b]
• M. Sokoloff, “The Current State of Research on Galilean Aramaic”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 37, pp. 161-167, 1978.
• A. Tal, “The Dialects of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic”, Sefarad, vol. 46, pp. 441–448, 1986.

Some Texts

• L. M. Barth, An Analysis of Vat. 30 [B.Rabba]. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, 1973.
• M. L. Klein, Genizah manuscripts of Palestinian Targum to the Pentateuch, vol. 1, 2 vol. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1986.
• M. L. Klein, Genizah manuscripts of Palestinian Targum to the Pentateuch, vol. 2, 2 vol. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1986.
• J. T. Marshall, Turner, J. B., and Mingana, A., Manual of the Aramaic Language of the Palestinian Talmud grammar, vocalized text, translation and vocabulary. Leiden: Brill, 1929.
• H. Odeberg, The Aramaic Portions of Bereshit Rabba, with a Grammar of Galilean Aramaic. 1. text with transcription, vol. 1, 2 vol. Lund: C.W.K. Gleerup, 1939.
• H. Odeberg, The Aramaic Portions of Bereshit Rabba, with a Grammar of Galilean Aramaic. 2. Short grammar of galilean aramaic, vol. 2, 2 vol. Lund: C.W.K. Gleerup, 1939.
• C. Sirat, La Ketouba de Cologne: un contrat de mariage juif à Antinoopolis. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1986. [Aramaic-Greek, Egypt AD 417]
• M. Sokoloff, The Geniza Fragments of Bereshit Rabba . Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1982.
• M. Sokoloff and Yahalom, J., Jewish Palestinian Aramaic Poetry from Late Antiquity. Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1999.
• G. Svedlund, A Selection of Texts in Galilean Aramaic. Jerusalem, 1967.
• G. Svedlund, The Aramaic portions of the Pesiqta de Rab Kahana: According to MS Marshall Or. 24, the oldest known ms. of the Pesiqta de Rab Kahana. Uppsala: Academia Upsaliensis, 1974.

Inscriptions

• N. Avigad, Beth Sheʻarim. 3. The archaeological excavations during 1953-1958: the catacombs 12-23, vol. 3, 3 vol. Jerusalem: Israel Exploratin Society, 1971. [Hebrew and Aramaic inscriptions]
• K. Beyer [see above: Middle Aramaic, Qumran Aramaic].
• J. Fitzmyer and Harrington, D. J., A Manual of Palestinian Aramaic Texts: (second Century B.C.-second Century A.D.). Rome: Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblico, 1978., Appendix.
• J. - B. Frey, Corpus inscriptionum iudaicarum: recueil des inscriptions juives qui vont du IIIe siècle avant Jésus-Christ au VIIe siècle de notre ère, vol. 1, 2 vol. Rome: Pontifical Institute of Christian Archaeology, 1936.
• J. - B. Frey, Corpus inscriptionum iudaicarum: recueil des inscriptions juives qui vont du IIIe siècle avant Jésus-Christ au VIIe siècle de notre ère, vol. 2, 2 vol. Rome: Pontifical Institute of Christian Archaeology, 1952.
• W. Horbury and Noy, D., Jewish inscriptions of Graeco-Roman Egypt : with an index of the Jewish inscriptions of Egypt and Cyrenaica. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
• J. Naveh [see above: Middle Aramaic, Palestinian Inscriptions].
• J. Naveh and S. Shaked [see below: Late Aramaic, Jewish Babylonian].
• D. Noy, Jewish Inscriptions of Western Europe: 1. Italy (excluding the City of Rome), Spain and Gaul, vol. 1, 2 vol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
• D. Noy, Jewish inscriptions of Western Europe. Volume 2: The City of Rome, vol. 2, 2 vol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

General

• **P. S. Alexander, “Jewish Aramaic Translations of Hebrew Scriptures”, in Mikra: Text, Translation, Reading, and Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity, M. J. Mulder and Sysling, H., Eds. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1988.
• **P. S. Alexander, “Targum, Targumim”, in Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 6, 6 vol., New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992, pp. 320–331.
• *B. M. Bokser, “An Annotated Bibliographical Guide to the Study of the Palestinian Talmud”, in The Study of Ancient Judaism, 2: The Palestinian and Babylonian Talmuds , vol. 2, J. Neusner, Ed. New York: Ktav publishing house, 1981, pp. 1–119.
  • Also in B. M. Bokser, “An Annotated Bibliographical Guide to the Study of the Palestinian Talmud”, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, vol. 2.19, no. 2, pp. 139-256, 1979.
• D. Goldblatt, “Bibliography on Judaism”, in Understanding Rabbinic Judaism: From Talmudic to Modern Times, J. Neusner, Ed. New York: Ktav Publ : Anti-defamation league of B'nai B'rith, 1974, pp. 383–402. See esp. 396–402.
• **E. D. Schürer, Vermes, G., and Millar, F., The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C. - A.D. 135) by E. Schürer. A New English Version, vol. 1. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1973. (Introduction, E)
• M. Sokoloff and Yahalom, J., “Aramaic Piyyutim from the Byzantine Period”, The Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 309-321, 1985.
• **H. L. Strack and Stemberger, G., Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1991.
• **J. T. Townsend, “Rabbinic Sources”, in The study of Judaism: Bibliogr. essays, vol. 1, R. Bavier and Berman, L. V., Eds. New York: Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'Rith, 1972, pp. 37–80.

Samaritan Aramaic

Grammars

• *R. Macuch, Grammatik des samaritanische Aramäisch. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1982.
  • Review in S. Segert, “Reviewed Work: Grammatik des samaritanischen Aramäisch (= Studia Samaritana, IV) by Rudolf Macuch”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, vol. 75, pp. 209–213, 1983.
• J. H. Petermann, Brevis linguae Samaritanae grammatica, litteratura, chrestomathia cum glossario. Leipzig: H. Reuther, 1873.
• L. H. Vilsker and Margain, J., Manuel d’araméen samaritain. Paris: Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1981.

Dictionary

• A. Tal, A Dictionary of Samaritan Aramaic [1], vol. 1, 2 vol. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
• A. Tal, A Dictionary of Samaritan Aramaic [2], vol. 2, 2 vol. Brill: Leiden, 2000.

Texts

Inscriptions (mostly in Hebrew, but a few Aramaic)

• M. Baillet, “Deux Inscriptions Samaritaines de la Région de Naplouse”, Revue Biblique, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 57-72, 1964. [one is Aramaic]
• S. Yonick, “The Samaritan Inscription from Siyagha: A Reconstruction and Restudy”, Studi Biblici Franciscani Liber Annuus, vol. 17, pp. 165-169, 1967. [bibliography, 165–169]

Targum

• A. Tal, The Samaritan Targum: Běrēšīt, Šěmōt, vol. 1, 3 vol. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 1980.
• A. Tal, The Samaritan Targum: Leviticus, Numeri, Deuteronomium, vol. 2, 3 vol. Tel-Aviv: Tel-Aviv University, 1981.
• A. Tal, The Samaritan Targum of the Pentateuch: 3. Introduction, vol. 3, 3 vol. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 1983.

Memar Marqah

• J. Macdonald, Memar Marqah: the teaching of Marqah [Text], vol. 1, 2 vol. Berlin: A. Töpelmann, 1963.
• J. Macdonald, Memar Marqah: the teaching of Marqah [Translation], vol. 2, 2 vol. Berlin: A. Töpelmann, 1963.
  • Review in Z. Ben-Ḥayyim, “Review of Memar Marqah”, Bibliotheca Orientalis, vol. 23, pp. 186–191, 1966.
• Z. Ben-Ḥayyim, Tibat Marqe: A Collection of Samaritan Midrashim. Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1988.
  • Review in I. R. M. Boid, “Review of Tibat Marqeh: A Collection of Samaritan Midrashim”, Bibliotheca Orientalis, vol. 47, pp. 736–739, 1990.

Defter (oldest part of liturgy)

• A. E. Cowley, The Samaritan Liturgy, vol. 1, 2 vol. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1909. Pp. 1.1–92.
• Z. Ben-Ḥayyim, The Literary and Oral Tradition of Hebrew and Aramaic among the Samaritans [3], vol. 3. Jerusalem: Academy of the Hebrew Language, 1967. Pp. 3.2.41–274. [in Hebrew]

Asatir

• M. Gaster, Ed., The Asatir: the Samaritan book of the "Secrets of Moses". London: The Royal Asiatic Society, 1927.
• Z. Ben-Ḥayyim, Ed., “The Book of Asatir [1]”, Tarbiz, vol. 14, pp. 104-125; 174-190, 1943.
• Z. Ben-Ḥayyim, “The Book of Asatir [2]”, Tarbiz, vol. 15, pp. 71-87, 1944.

Melis (Hebrew/Aramaic/Arabic Lexicon)

• Z. Ben-Ḥayyim, The Literary and Oral Tradition of Hebrew and Aramaic among the Samaritans [2], vol. 2, 6 vol. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language, 1957. Pp. 2.437–616.

General

• **R. T. Anderson, “[article]”, in Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 5, 6 vol., D. N. Freedman, Ed. New York: Doubleday, 1992, pp. 941-947.
• A. D. Crown, Ed., The Samaritans. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr , 1989.. Includes Tal on literature, Macuch on Samaritan Aramaic.
• M. Gaster, The Samaritans: their history, doctrines and literature, with six appendices and nineteen illustrations. London: Oxford University Press, 1980.
• J. C. Greenfield, “Samaritan Hebrew and Aramaic in the work of Ze'ev Ben Hayyim”, Biblica, vol. 45, pp. 261–268, 1964.
• S. Kohn, Zur Sprache, Literatur, und Dogmatik der Samaritaner. Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus, 1876.
• A. Loewenstamm, “Al-Asātīr”, in Encyclopedia Judaica, 2nd ed., vol. 1, Farmington Hills: Thomson Gale, 2007, p. 576.; 14.752–757 [reference not found in 2nd ed.].
• J. Macdonald, The Theology of the Samaritans. London: SCM Press, 1964.
• R. Pummer, “The Present State of Samaritan Studies”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 21, no. 1-2, pp. 39-61, 1976.
  • R. Pummer, “The Present State of Samaritan Studies: II”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 27-47, 1977.
• J. Ramón Díaz, “Arameo samaritano”, Estudios Biblicos, vol. 18, pp. 171–178, 1959.
• J. - P. Rothschild and Sixdenier, G. D., Etudes samaritaines: Pentateuch et Targum, exégése et philologie, chroniques. Louvain: Peeters, 1988.
• G. D. Sixdenier, “La langue du Targum samaritain: Observations sur son evolution”, Journal Asiatique, vol. 272, no. 3-4, pp. 223–235, 1984.
• **A. Tal, “The Samaritan Targum of the Pentatuech”, in Mikra: text, translation, reading and interpretation of the hebrew Bible in ancient judaism and early christianity, 2nd ed., Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1988, pp. 189–216.

Bibliography

• A. D. Crown and Pummer, R., A Bibliography of the Samaritans. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press, 2005.
• L. A. Mayer and Broadribb, D., Bibliography of the Samaritans. Leiden: Brill, 1964.
• Supplements:
  • S. N. Noseda, “Contribution à la bibliographie des Samaritains”, Annali dell'istituto universitario orientale di Napoli, vol. 33, pp. 98-113, 1973.
  • R. Weiss, “Supplements to the Samaritan Bibliography”, Annali dell'istituto universitario orientale di Napoli, vol. 35, pp. 265-273, 1975.
  • J. Margain, “Eléments Bibliographie samaritaine”, Semitica, vol. 27, pp. 153-157, 1977.

Christian Palestinian Aramaic (CPA)

Dictionary

• F. Schulthess, Lexicon Syropalaestinum. Berlin: Reimer, 1903.

Grammars, etc.

• M. Bar-Asher, Palestinian Syriac studies: source-texts, traditions and gramm. problems. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1977. [in Hebrew]
• M. Bar-Asher, “Le Syro-Palestinien: Études grammaticales”, Journal asiatique, vol. 276, pp. 27–59, 1988.
• É. Puech, “Notes d’onomastique christo-palestinienne de Kh. es Samra”, Annali dell'istituto universitario orientale di Napoli, vol. 43, pp. 505-526, 1983.
• F. Schulthess, Grammatik des christlich-palästinischen Aramäisch. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1924.
• *C. Müller-Kessler, Grammatik des Christlich-Palästinisch-Aramäischen. Hildesheim: Olms, 1991.

Texts

• The main texts have been edited by M. Black, H. Duensing, A.S. Lewis, G. Margoliouth, and F. Schultess.
  • The Old Testament fragments are being reedited in M. H. Goshen-Gottstein and Shirun, H., The Bible in the Syro-Palestinian Version, Part 1: Pentateuch and Prophets, vol. 1, 2 vol. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1973. and in M. H. Goshen-Gottstein and Shirun, H., The Bible in the Syro-Palestinian Version, Part 2: Psalms, vol. 2, 2 vol. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 2009., and all early texts are being republished, with improved readings by Müller-Kessler and Sokoloff:
• C. Müller-Kessler and Sokoloff, M., The Christian Palestinian Aramaic Old Testament and Apocrypha version from the early period. Leiden: Brill, 1997.
• C. Müller-Kessler, The Christian Palestinian Aramaic New Testament version from the early period, vol. 1, 2 vol. Groningen: STYX Publications, 1998.
• C. Müller-Kessler, The Christian Palestinian Aramaic New Testament version from the early period, vol. 2, 2 vol. Groningen: STYX Publications, 1998.
• A. S. Lewis, Gibson, M. D., and Müller-Kessler, C., The forty martyrs of the Sinai desert. Leiden: Brill, 1996. [XL Martyrs of Sinai, Eulogios, Anastasia].
• A. Desreumaux, Codex sinaiticus Zosimi rescriptus description codicologique des feuillets araméens melkites des manuscrits Schøyen 35,36 et 37 (Londres - Oslo); comprenant l'éditon de nouveux passages des Évangiles et Catéchèses de Cyrille. Lausanne: Ed. du Zèbre, 1997.
• S. P. Brock, Catalogue of Syriac Fragments (New Finds) in the Library of the Monastery of Saint Catherine, Mount Sinai. Athens: Mount Sinai Foundation, 1995. esp. 122–128.
• Recent finds include:
  • M. Baillet, “Un livret magique en christo-palestinien a l’Universitè de Louvain”, Le Muséon, vol. 76, pp. 375–401 , 1973.
  • J. T. Milik, “Un inscription et une lettre en araméen christo-palestinien”, Revue Biblique, vol. 50, pp. 526–539, 1953.
  • C. Perrot, “Un fragment christo-palestinien découvert à Khirbet Mird (Actes X 28–29, 32–41)”, Revue Biblique, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 506-555, 1963.

General

• A. Baumstark, Geschichte der syrischen Literatur, mit Ausschluss der christlich-palästinensischen Texte. Bonn: A. Marcus and E. Webers, 1922. Pp. 335–339.
• F. C. Burkitt, “Christian Palestinian Literature”, Journal of Theological Studies, vol. 2, pp. 174–185, 1901. Pp. 174–185.
• A. Desreumaux, “La naissance d’une nouvelle écriture araméenne à l’époque byzantine”, Semitica, vol. 37, pp. 95–107, 1987.
• R. Duval, La littérature syriaque. Paris: Victor Lecoffre, 1907. Pp. 43–48.
• B. Metzger, The Early Versions of the New Testament: Their Origin, Transmission, and Limitations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977. Pp. 75–82.
  • Reviewed in F. Rosenthal, Die aramaistische Forschung seit Th. Noldekes Veroffentlichungen, Reprint. Brill: Leiden, 1964. Pp. 144–159.

Bibliography

• A section on CPA is included in S. P. Brock, Syriac Studies: A Classified Bibliography (1960–1990). Lebanon: Université Saint-Esprit de Kaslik, 1996.

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic

Dictionaries, etc. [see also under G1]

• J. N. Epstein, “Notes on Post-Talmudic Aramaic lexicography I”, Jewish Quarterly Review, New Series, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 233–251, 1915.
  • J. N. Epstein, “Notes on Post-Talmudic Aramaic lexicography II”, Jewish Quarterly Review, New Series, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 299–390, 1922. (= Epstein, Studies 1.85–135).
• L. Prijs, “Ergänzungen zum talmudischen-aramäischen Wörterbuch”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, vol. 117, pp. 266–286, 1967.
• M. Sokoloff, “The Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: Progress and Prospects”, in Journal of Semitic Studies, Supplement, M. J. Geller, Weitzman, M., and Greenfield, J. C., Eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, pp. 189–197.

Grammars, etc.

• J. N. Epstein and Melamed, E. Z., A Grammar of Babylonian Aramaic. Jerusalem: Hebrew Union College, 1960.
  • In Hebrew; Review in E. Y. Kutscher, “Review: A Grammar of Babylonian Aramaic”, Leshonenu, vol. 26, pp. 149–183, 1962.
• J. N. Epstein, Studies in Aramaic Philology. New York: [Unidentified publisher], 1978.
• Y. Frank, Grammar for Gemara: An Introduction to Babylonian Aramaic, 2nd ed. Jerusalem: Ariel, 1997.
• T. Harviainen, “Diglossia in Jewish Eastern Aramaic”, Studia Orientalia, vol. 55, pp. 95–114, 1984.
• Y. Kara, Babylonian Aramaic in the Yemenite Manuscripts of the Talmud. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1983. [in Hebrew]
• C. Levias, A Grammar of the Aramaic Idiom Contained in the Babylonian Talmud, 1st ed. Cincinnati: The Bloch Publ. and Print. Co., 1900.
• D. Marcus, A Manual of Babylonian Jewish Aramaic. Lanham: University Press of America, 1981.
• S. Morag, Babylonian Aramaic: the Yemenite tradition. Historical aspects and transmission, phonology, the verbal system. Jerusalem: Ben Zvi Institute for the study of Jewsih communities in the East, 1988.
• M. L. Margolis, Lehrbuch der aramäischen Sprache des babylonischen Talmuds : Grammatik, Chrestomathie und Wörterbuch. Munich: Beck, 1910.
• M. Schlesinger, Satzlehre der aramäischen Sprache des Babylonischen Talmuds. Leipzig: Verlag der Asia Major, 1928.

Inscriptions

• C. D. Isbell, Corpus of the Aramaic Incantation Bowls. Missoula: Distributed by Scholars Press, 1975.
• C. D. Isbell, “The Story of Aramaic Magical Incantation Bowls”, The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 5-16, 1978.
• H. Juusola, Linguistic Peculiarities in the Aramaic Magic Bowls. Helsinki: Finnish Oriental Society, 1999.
• B. A. Levine, “The Language of the Magical Bowls”, in A history of the Jews in Babylonia, vol. 5, J. Neusner, Ed. Leiden: Brill, 1970, pp. 343–375.
• S. W. McCullough, Jewish and Mandaean Incantation Bowls. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1967.
• J. A. Montgomory, Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur. Philadelphia: University museum, 1913.
• S. Shaked and Naveh, J., Amulets and Magic Bowls: Aramaic incantations of late antiquity. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1985.
• J. Naveh and Shaked, S., Magic Spells and Formulae: Aramaic Incantations of Late Antiquity . Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1993.
• W. H. Rossell, A Handbook of Aramaic Magical Texts. Ringwood Borough: Shelton College, 1953.

General

• *D. Goldblatt, “The Babylonian Talmud”, in The Study of Ancient Judaism, 2: The Palestinian and Babylonian Talmuds, vol. 2, J. Neusner, Ed. New York: Ktav publishing house, 1981, pp. 120–199 .
  • Also in D. Goldblatt, “The Babylonian Talmud”, in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, 2 principat, vol. 2, Berlin ; New York: De Gruyter, 1979, pp. 257–336. (esp. 273–281 on Babylonian Aramaic)
• A. Steinsaltz, The Talmud: The Steinsaltz Edition (A Reference Guide). New York: Random House, 1989. [61–77, on Aramaic].
• J.T. Townsend [see above: Late Aramaic, Jewish Palestinian].

Zohar

• M. Z. Kaddari, The Grammar of the Aramaic of the Zohar. Jerusalem: Kiryath-Sepher, 1971.
  • Review in R. Degen, “Review: Menahem Zevi Kaddari, The Grammar of the Aramaic of the "Zohar"”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, vol. 122, pp. 290–292, 1972. [in Hebrew]

Syriac

Dictionaries

For Beginners

• M. H. Goshen-Gottstein, A Syriac-English glossary: with etymological notes based on Brockelmann's Syriac chrestomathy. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1970. To accompany the texts in Brockelmann’s Grammatik.
• W. Jennings and Gantillon, U., Lexicon to the Syriac New Testament (Peshitta) with copious references, dictions, names of persons and places, and some various readings found in the Curetonian, Sinaitic palimpsest. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1926.
• G. A. Kiraz, Lexical tools to the Syriac New Testament, 2nd ed. Piscataway: Gorgias, 2002.
• R. Köbert, Vocabularium Syriacum. Rome: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, 1956.
  • With supplement in R. Köbert, “Addenda ad Vocabularium Syriacum”, Orientalia, vol. 39, pp. 315-319, 1970. to accompany R. Köbert and Wessely, R., Textus et paradigmata Syriaca. Rome: Biblical Pontifical Institute, 1952.

Standard European Works

• C. Brockelmann, Lexicon Syriacum, 2nd ed. Halis Saxonum: Sumptibus M. Niemeyer, 1928.
• L. Costaz, Dictionnaire syriaque-français / Syriac-English dictionary, 2nd ed. Beirut: Dar el-Machriq, 1963.
• R. P. Smith, Thesaurus Syriacus, vol. 1, 2 vol. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1879.
• R. P. Smith, Thesaurus Syriacus, vol. 2, 2 vol. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1901.
• J. P. Smith, A Compendious Syriac Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903.

Oriental Works

• G. Hoffmann, Syrisch-Arabische Glossen. Erster Band: Autographie einer Gothaischen Handschrift enthaltend Bar Ali’s Lexicon von Alaf bis Mim. Kiel: Schwers’sche Buchhandlung, 1874.
• R. J. H. Gottheil, The Syriac-Arabic Glosses of Isho‘ bar ‘Ali, vol. 1, 2 vol. Rome: Academia Dei Lincei, 1908.
• R. Duval, Lexicon syriacum auctore Hassano bar Bahlule: Voces syriacas græcasque cum glossis syriacis et arabicis complectens, vol. 1, 3 vol. Paris: Leroux, 1901.
• R. Duval, Lexicon syriacum auctore Hassano bar Bahlule: Voces syriacas græcasque cum glossis syriacis et arabicis complectens, vol. 2, 3 vol. Paris: Leroux, 1901.
• R. Duval, Lexicon syriacum auctore Hassano bar Bahlule: Voces syriacas græcasque cum glossis syriacis et arabicis complectens, vol. 3, 3 vol. Paris: National publisher, 1901.
• G. Cardahi, Al-Lobab, seu Dictionarium syro-arabicum, vol. 1, 2 vol. Beirut: Typ. Cath. S. J., 1887.
• G. Cardahi, Al-Lobab, seu Dictionarium syro-arabicum, vol. 2, 2 vol. Beirut: Typ. Cath. S. J., 1891.
• T. Audo, Dictionnaire de la langue chaldeenne (ܣܝܡܬܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ), vol. 1, 2 vol. Holland: Monastery of Mor Ephrem the Syrian, 1985. [Syriac-Syriac]
• T. Audo, Dictionnaire de la langue chaldeenne (ܣܝܡܬܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ), vol. 2, 2 vol. Holland: Monastery of Mor Ephrem the Syrian, 1985. [Syriac-Syriac]
• Y. 'qub A. Manna, Qāmūs kaldānī-‘arabī / Vocabulaire chaldeen-arabe / Chaldean Arabic Dictionary. Beirut: Markaz Bābil, 1975.

Grammars

Introductory

• A. Frey, Petite grammaire syriaque. Freiburg: Éditions universitaires, 1984.
• J. F. Healey, Leshono Suryoyo: first studies in Syriac, 2nd ed. Piscataway: Gorgias Press, 2005.
• G. A. Kiraz, The Syriac Primer, 2nd ed. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 2005.
• T. Muraoka, Classical Syriac for Hebraists, 2nd ed. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2013.
• L. Palacios and Camps, V., Grammatica syriaca: ad usum scholarum iuxta hodiernam rationem linguas tradendi concinnata. Rome: Desclée & C., 1954.
• M. Pazzini, Grammatica Siriaca. Jerusalem: Franciscan Print. Press, 1999.
• T. H. Robinson, Paradigms and Exercises in Syriac Grammar, 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
• A. Ungnad, Syrische Grammatik mit Übungsbuch. Munich: C.H. Beck, 1985.

Reference Grammars

• C. Brockelmann, Syrische Grammatik mit Paradigmen, Litteratur, Chrestomathie und Glossar, 2nd ed. Berlin: Reuther & Reichard, 1905. (Many later editions)
• L. Costaz, Dictionnaire syriaque-français / Syriac-English dictionary, 2nd ed. Beirut: Dar el-Machriq, 1963.
• R. Duval, Traite de grammaire syriaque. Paris: F. Vieweg, 1881. (Reprinted Amsterdam, 1969)
• T. Muraoka, Classical Syriac: a basic grammar with a chrestomathy, 2nd ed. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2005.
• T. Nöldeke and Euting, J., Kurzgefasste syrische Grammatik, 2nd ed. Leipzig: Chr. Herm. Tauchnitz, 1898.
  • English translation, T. Nöldeke, Compendious Syriac Grammar. London: Williams & Norgate, 1904.
  • The reprint of the 2nd German edition ed. A. Schall, (Darmstadt, 1966) has some supplementary material based on Nöldeke’s notes: T. Nöldeke and Schall, A., Kurzgefasste syrische Grammatik: Anhang: Die handschriftlichen Ergänzungen in dem Handexemplar Theodor Nöldekes und Register der Belegstellen, 2, rev.nd ed. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1966.

Histories of Syriac Literature

• **M. Albert, “Langue et litterature syriaques”, in Christianismes orientaux: Introduction à l'étude des langues et des littératures, Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1993, pp. 297–375.
• J. S. Assemani, Ed., Bibliotheca Orientalis, vol. 1, 3 vol. Rome: Society for the Propagation of the Faith, 1719.
• J. S. Assemani, Bibliotheca Orientalis: De Scriptoribus Syris Monophysitis, vol. 2, 3 vol. Rome: Society for the Propagation of the Faith, 1721.
• J. S. Assemani, Bibliotheca Orientalis: De Scriptoribus Syris Nestorianis, vol. 3.1. Rome: Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, 1725.
• J. S. Assemani, Bibliotheca Orientalis, vol. 3.2, 3 vol. Rome: Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, 1728.
• A. Baumstark, Geschichte der syrischen Literatur, mit Ausschluss der christlich-palästinensischen Texte. Bonn: A. Marcus and E. Webers, 1922. The standard reference work.
• A. Baumstark, Die christlichen Literaturen des Orients 1. Einleitung. Das christlich-aramäische und das koptische Schrifttum. Leipzig: Göschen, 1911.
• **S. P. Brock, A brief outline of Syriac literature. Kottayam: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute, 1987.
• **J. - B. Chabot, Littérature syriaque. Paris: Bloud & Gay, 1934.
• **R. Duval, La littérature syriaque. Paris: Victor Lecoffre, 1907.
• D. L. O'Leary, Syriac Church and Fathers: A Brief Review of the Subject. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1909.
• W. S. MacCullough, A short history of Syriac Christianity to the rise of Islam. Chico: Scholars Press, 1982.
• R. Macuch, Geschichte der spat- und neusyrischen Literatur. Berlin / New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1976.
  • Review in S. P. Brock, “Review: [R. Macuch , Geschichte der spät- und neusyrischen Literatur . 1976. Pp. xxv+511.]”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 129–138, 1978.
• *I. O. de Urbina, Patrologia Syriaca, 2nd ed. Rome: Pontifical Institute of Oriental Studies, 1965. New French edition in preparation by R. Lavenant
• W. Wright, A Short History of Syriac Literature. London: Black, 1894.
• There are recent histories of Syriac literature published in the Middle East by E. Barsoum (Arabic; 2nd ed.; Aleppo, 1956) and reprints;
  • Syriac translation by Qamishli (1967)
  • Partial English translation in A. Barsoum, The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences, 2nd ed. New York, 1965.
  • By A. Abuna (Arabic; Beirut, 1970)
  • By P. Sarmas (Modern Syriac; Tehran, 1969/70).
  • A. Barsoum, The scattered pearls : a history of Syriac literature and sciences, Revised. Piscataway: Gorgias Press, 2003.

Inscriptions

• S. P. Brock, “Syriac Inscriptions: A Preliminary Check List of European Publications”, Annali dell'istituto universitario orientale di Napoli, vol. 38, pp. 255–271, 1978.
  • Reprinted, S. P. Brock, “Syriac Inscriptions: A Preliminary Check List of European Publications”, in Studies in Syriac christianity: history, literature and theology, Aldershot: Variorum, 1992, pp. 255-271.
  • See also A. Desreumaux, “Pour une Bibliographie sur l'épigraphie syriaque”, Annali dell'istituto universitario orientale di Napoli, vol. 40, pp. 704–708, 1980.
• A. Palmer, “A Corpus of Inscriptions from Tur ‘Abdin and Environs”, Oriens Christianus, vol. 71, pp. 53–139, 1987.

Bibliographical Aids

• C. Moss, Catalogue of Syriac Printed Books and Related Literature in the British Museum. London: British Museum, 1962.
  • Review in P. A. H. de Boer, “Review of C. Moss, Catalogue of Syriac Printed Books and Related Literature in the British Museum”, Vetus Testamentum, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 504–507, 1962.
  • Review in J. T. Clemons, “Un supplément americain au »Syriac Catalogue« de Cyril Moss ”, L’orient syrien, vol. 8, pp. 469-484, 1963.
• P. B. Dirksen, An annotated bibliography of the Peshitta of the Old Testament. Leiden: Brill, 1989.
  • Supplement in P. B. Dirksen and van der Kooij, A., The Peshitta as a translation: papers read at the 2. Peshitta Symposium held at Leiden 19-21 August 1993. Leiden: Brill, 1995. Pp. 221–236.
• S. P. Brock, Syriac Studies: A Classified Bibliography (1960–1990). Lebanon: Université Saint-Esprit de Kaslik, 1996.
  • Collects together bibliographies in S. P. Brock, “Syriac Studies 1960-1970: A Classified Bibliography”, Parole de l'Orient, vol. 4, pp. 393-465, 1973.
  • 1971–1980: S. P. Brock, “Syriac studies 1971-1980: A Classified Bibliography”, Parole de l'Orient, vol. 10, pp. 291-412, 1981.
  • 1981–85: S. P. Brock, “Syriac Studies 1981-1985: A Classified Bibliography”, Parole de l'Orient, vol. 14, pp. 289-360, 1987.
• S. P. Brock, “Syriac Studies: A Classified Bibliography (1991–1995)”, Parole de l'Orient, vol. 23, pp. 241-350, 1998.
• S. P. Brock, “Select bibliography”, in Classical Syriac: a basic grammar with a chrestomathy, 2nd ed., T. Muraoka, Ed. Harrassowitz: Wiesbaden, 2005, pp. 127-156.
• **S. P. Brock and Emerton, J. A., “An Introduction to Syriac Studies”, in Horizons in Semitic Studies: Articles for the Student, Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1980, pp. 1–33.

Mandaean

Dictionary

• E. S. Drower and Macuch, R., A Mandaic Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968.
• J. N. Epstein, “Mandäische Glossen”, Archiv Orientalni , vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 165–169, 1950.

Grammars

• *R. Macuch, Handbook of Classical and Modern Mandaic. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1965.
• T. Nöldeke, Mandäische Grammatik. Halle: Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, 1875.
  • Reprinted: ed. T. Nöldeke and Schall, A., Kurzgefasste syrische Grammatik: Anhang: Die handschriftlichen Ergänzungen in dem Handexemplar Theodor Nöldekes und Register der Belegstellen, 2, rev.nd ed. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1966.

Texts

• The main editors of Mandaean texts are M. Lidzbarski, E.S. Drower, and J.J. Buckley.
• For the incantation texts on bowls see E. M. Yamauchi, Mandaic incantation texts. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1976.
  • Review in M. Sokoloff, “Review of Mandaic Incantation Texts”, Orientalia, vol. 40, pp. 448–458, 1970.
  • See also J. Naveh, “Another Mandaic Lead Roll”, Israel Oriental Studies, vol. 5, pp. 47–53, 1975.
• A selection of the most important religious texts in translation will be found in K. Rudolph, “Mandaean Sources”, in Die Gnosis: 2. Koptische und mandäische Quellen, vol. 2, W. Förster, Ed. Zürich: Artemis, 1971, pp. 121–319.

General

• E. S. Drower, The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran: their cults, customs, magic legends, and folklore. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1937.
• E. S. Drower, The Secret Adam. A study of Naṣoraean Gnosis. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960.
• Ş. Gündüz, The knowledge of life: the origins and early history of the Mandaeans and their relation to the Sabians of the Qur'ān and to the Harranians. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
  • Review in J. J. Buckley, “Reviewed Work: The Knowledge of Life: The Origins and Early History of the Mandaeans and Their Relationship to the Sabians of the Qurʾan and to the Harranians by Şinasi Gündüz”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 116, no. 2, pp. 301-302, 1996.
• A. Klugkist, “The Origin of the Mandaic Script”, in Scripta signa vocis: studies about scripts, scriptures, scribes and languages in the Near East presented to J.H. Hospers by his pupils, colleagues and friends, J. H. Hospers and Vanstiphout, H., Eds. Groningen: E. Forsten, 1986, pp. 111–120.
• R. Macuch, Rudolph, K., and Segelberg, E., Eds., Zur Sprache und Literatur der Mandaer. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1976. [Contains chapters by Macuch on grammar and lexicon, by Rudolph on editions of texts, by Segelberg on rite known as Coronation of Sislam Rabba, and by Macuch on bibliography since 1965].
• K. Rudolph, Die Mandäer. I. Prolegomena, Das Mandäerproblem, vol. 1, 2 vol. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1960.
• K. Rudolph, Die Mandäer. 2. Die Kult, vol. 2, 2 vol. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1961.
• K. Rudolph, “Problems of a History of the Development of the Mandaean Religion”, History of Religions, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 210–235, 1969.
• K. Rudolph, “Die Religion der Mandaer”, in Die Religionen Altsyriens, Altarabiens und der Mandaer, H. Gese, Hofner, M., and Rudolph, K., Eds. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1970, pp. 406–462.
• T. Säve-Söderberg, Studies in the Coptic Manichaean Psalmbook. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1949.
• G. Widengren, Der Mandäismus. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1982.
• E. M. Yamauchi, “The Present State of Mandaean Studies”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 88–96, 1966.
• E. M. Yamauchi, Gnostic Ethics and Mandaean Origins. London: Oxford University Press, 1970.
  • Review by Rudolph, Theol. Lit.Zeitschr. 97 (1972), 733–737

Modern Aramaic

General

• I. Avinery, “The Israeli Contribution to the Study of Neo-Syriac”, Afro-Asiatic Linguistics, vol. 2, pp. 201–209, 1975.
• R. Contini, Pennacchietti, F. A., and Tosco, M., Semitica: serta philologica Constantino Tsereteli dicata. Turin: Silvio Zamorani ed., 1993.
• W. Heinrichs, Studies in Neo-Aramaic. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989.
• R. D. Hoberman, “The History of the Modern Aramaic Pronouns and Pronominal Suffixes”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 108, no. 4, pp. 557-575, 1988.
• S. A. Hopkins, “Neo-Aramaic Dialects and the Formation of the Preterite”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 413–432, 1989.
• **O. Jastrow, “The Neo-Aramaic Languages”, in The Semitic languages, R. Hetzron, Ed. New York: Routledge, 1997, pp. 334–377.
• R. Macuch, “Recent Studies in Neo-Aramaic Dialects”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 214-223, 1990.
• K. Tsereteli, “The Aramaic Dialects of Iraq”, Annali dell'istituto universitario orientale di Napoli, vol. 22, pp. 245–250, 1972.
• K. Tsereteli, “Neu-aramäisch”, Berliner byzantinischer Arbeiten, vol. 43, pp. 47–64, 1972.
• K. Tsereteli, “Zur Frage der Klassification der neu-aramäischen Dialekte”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, vol. 127, pp. 244–253, 1977.

Western Dialects (Ma‘lula, Bah‘a, Jubb ‘Addin, in Syria)

Dictionary

• G. Bergsträsser, Glossar des neuaramäischen Dialekts von Ma‘lula. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus, 1921.

Grammars, etc.

• W. Arnold, Lehrbuch des Neuwestaramäischen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1989.
• W. Arnold, Das neuwestarämaische. V: Grammatik, vol. 5, 5 vol. Wiesbaden: Harrossowitz, 1990.
• W. Arnold and Behnstedt, P., Arabisch-aramäischen Sprachbeziehungen im Qalamun-Syrien: Eine dialektgeographische Untersuchung. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1993.
• D. Cohen, “Sur le systeme verbal du neo araméen de Ma‘lula”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 24, pp. 219–239, 1997.
• C. Correll, “Untersuchungen zur Syntax der neuwestaramäischen Dialekte des Antilibanon : (Ma'lūla, Bah'a, Gubb'Adīn)”, Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, vol. 44, no. 4, 1978.
• A. Spitaler, Grammatik des neuaramäischen Dialekts von Ma'lūla (Antilibanon). Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1938.
  • Review in F. Rosenthal, “Review of Grammatik des neuaramäischen Dialekts von Ma'lūla (Antilibanon)”, Orientalia , vol. 8, pp. 346–360, 1939.

Texts

• W. Arnold, Das Neuwestarämaische I: Texte aus Baxʻa, vol. 1, 5 vol. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1989.
• W. Arnold, Das Neuwestarämaische II: Texte aus ubbcadn, vol. 2, 5 vol. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1989.
• W. Arnold, Das Neuwestaramäische. 3, Volkskundliche Texte aus Maʻlūla, vol. 3, 5 vol. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1991.
• W. Arnold, Das Neuwestaramäische. 4: Orale Literatur aus Maclla, vol. 4, 5 vol. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1991.
• G. Bergsträsser, Neuaramäische Märchen und andere Texte aus Ma‘lula, vol. 2-3. Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus, 1915.
  • Review in T. Nöldeke, “Review of Neuaramäische Märchen und andere Texte aus Ma‘lula”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete , vol. 31, pp. 203-230, 1917.
• V. Cantarino, Der neuaramäische Dialekt von Ǧubb 'Adin: (Texte und Übersetzung). Chapel Hill: Orange Printshop, 1961.
• C. Correll, “Materialien zur Kenntnis des neuaramäischen Dialekts von Bah'a”, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, 1969.

General

• S. S. Reich, Études sur les villages araméens de l'Anti-Liban: Avec 32 planches en phototypie et 33 figures. Damas: Institut français de Damas, 1937.

Central Dialects (Tur ‘Abdin, Mlahso)

Dictionaries

• Y. Ishaq, Svensk-Turabdinskt Lexikon: Leksiqon Swedoyo-Suryoyo. Stockholm: Statens Institut for Laromedel, 1988.
• Y. Ishaq, Definition of the Latin Alphabet and the English Glossary used in the Primer Toxu Qorena . Stockholm: Statens Institut för Läromedel, 1989.
• K. Jacob and Elkhouri, A., The Guide: The First Literary Colloquial Syriac Dictionary. Stockholm: Syriac Association in Sweden, 1985.
• H. Ritter, Tūrōyo: Die Volkssprache der syrischen Christen des Tur 'Abdin. B. Wörterbuch. Beirut: Orient-Institute der Deutsche Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 1979.

Grammars, etc.

• O. Jastrow, Laut- und Formenlehre des neuaramäischen Dialekts von Midin im Tur ‘Abdin, 3rd ed. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1970.
• O. Jastrow, Lehrbuch der Turoyo-Sprache. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1992.
• O. Jastrow, Der neuaramäische Dialekt von Mlahso. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1994.
  • Review in G. Goldenberg, “Otto Jastrow, Der Neuaramäische Dialekt von Mlahsô: A Review Article”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 63-70, 1998.
• H. Ritter, Tūrōyo: Die Volkssprache der syrischen Christen des Tur 'Abdin. C. Grammatik. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner, 1990.
• A. Siegel, Laut- und Formenlehre des neuaramäischen Dialekts des Tûr Abdîn. Hannover: H. Lafaire, 1923.

Texts

• E. Prym, Der neuaramäische Dialekt des Tur Abdin 1-2, 2 vol. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1881.
• H. Ritter, Tūrōyo: Die Volkssprache der syrischen Christen des Tur 'Abdin. A. Texte. Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1967.
• H. Ritter, Tūrōyo: Die Volkssprache der syrischen Christen des Tur 'Abdin. B. Wörterbuch. Beirut: Orient-Institute der Deutsche Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 1979.
• H. Ritter, Tūrōyo: Die Volkssprache der syrischen Christen des Tur 'Abdin. C. Grammatik. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner, 1990.
• J. Ŝen-Diyarbakërli and Qaya, S., Qale w ŝayno: ërto ma ërtot̲o dah̲ h̲aye b at̲ran Bet̲-nahrin. Örebro: Statens institut för läromedel, 1989.
• J. Ŝen-Diyarbakërli and Qaya, S., Mi cëtmo lu bahro: h̲keye madëlnit̲o cal camo d qayëm li raǧlo. Örebro: Statens Institut för läromedel, 1989.

General

• H. Anschütz, Die syrischen Christen vom Tur ʻAbdin: eine altchristliche Bevölkerungsgruppe zwischen Beharrung, Stagnation und Auflösung. Würtzburg: Augustinus-Verlag, 1984.
• Y. Ishaq, “Turoy: From Spoken to Written Language”, in Harvard Semitic studies, W. Heinrichs, Ed. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989, pp. 189–199.
• O. Jastrow, “The Turoyo Language Today”, Journal of the Assyrian Academic Society, vol. 1, pp. 7–16, 1985.
• O. Jastrow, “Mlahso: An Unknown Neo-Aramaic Language of Turkey”, Journal of Semitic Studies , vol. 30, pp. 265–270, 1985.

North-Eastern Dialects

• S. E. Fox, “The Relationship of the Eastern Neo-Aramaic Dialects”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 114, no. 2, pp. 154-162, 1994.
• S. A. Hopkins, “The Neo-Aramaic Dialects of Iran”, Irano-Judaica , vol. 4, pp. 311–327, 1999.

Jewish

Grammars, etc.

• S. E. Fox, “The Relationship of the Eastern Neo-Aramaic Dialects”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 114, no. 2, pp. 154-162, 1994.
  • In Hebrew; Y. Sabar, “Reviewed Work: The Aramaic Dialect of the Jews of Zakho by Iddo Avinery”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 111, no. 3, pp. 653-656, 1991.
• J. J. de Morgan, “Le dialecte israëlite de Sihneh”, in Mission scientifique en Perse, Paris: E. Leroux, 1904.
• R. Duval, Les Dialectes Néo-Araméens de Salamas. Textes sur l'état actuel de la Perse et contes populaires, publiés avec une traduction française. Paris: F. Vieweg, 1883.
• I. Garbell, The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Persian Azerbaijan: Linguistic Analysis and Folkloristic Texts. The Hague: Mouton, 1965.
• R. D. Hoberman, The syntax and semantics of verb morphology in Modern Aramaic: a Jewish dialect of Iraqi Kurdistan, vol. 69. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1989.
• G. Khan, The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of the Jews of Arbel. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 1999.
• Y. Sabar, “The Quadriradical Verb in Eastern Neo-Aramaic Dialects”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 27, pp. 149–176, 1987.

Texts

• S. A. Hopkins, “A Tale in the Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Na ada”, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, vol. 12, pp. 243–281, 1989.
• R. J. H. Gottheil, “The Judaeo-Aramaean Dialect of Salamas”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 15, pp. 297–310, 1893. [Gen.1]
• A. Z. Idelson, Tales in the neo-Aramaic Language. Jerusalem: [Publisher unidentified], 1913.
• Y. Y. ʼel Rivlin, Shirat Yehude ha-targum: pirḳe ʻalilah u-gevurah be-fi Yehude Ḳurdisṭan. Jerusalem: Mosad Bialiḳ, 1959.
• Y. Sabar, A Neo-Aramaic midrash on Bėshallah (Exodus). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1976.
  • Review in D. Boyarin, “Review of Yona Sabar, Pes̆at wayehî bes̆allaḥ”, Maarav, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 99-114, 1982.
• Y. Sabar, “Lel-Huza: Story and History in a Cycle of Lamentations for the Ninth of Ab in the Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Zakho”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 21, no. 1-2, pp. 138–162, 1976.
• Y. Sabar, Midrashim ba-Aramit Yehude Ḳurdisṭan le-farshiyot Ṿa-yeḥi, Be-shalaḥ ṿ-Yitro. Jerusalem: ha-Aḳademyah ha-le-Cumit ha-Yiśreʼelit le-madaʻim, 1984.[with Aramaic-Hebrew glossary]
• Y. Sabar, The book of Genesis in Neo-Aramaic in the dialect of the Jewish community of Zakho: including selected texts in other Neo-Aramaic dialects and a glossary. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, 1983.
• ​Y. Sabar, The book of Exodus in Neo-Aramaic in the dialect of the Jewish community of Zakho: including selected texts in other Neo-Aramaic dialects and a glossary. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, 1988.
• Y. Sabar, The book of Leviticus in Neo-Aramaic in the dialect of the Jewish community of Zakho: including selected texts in other Neo-Aramaic dialects and a glossary. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, 1990.
• Y. Sabar, The book of Numbers in Neo-Aramaic in the dialect of the Jewish community of Zakho: including selected texts in other Neo-Aramaic dialects and a glossary. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, 1993.
  • Y. Sabar, The book of Deuteronomy in Neo-Aramaic in the dialect of the Jewish community of Zakho: including selected texts in other Neo-Aramaic dialects and a glossary. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University , 1994.
  • Y. Sabar, Targum de-Targum: an old neo-Aramaic version of the Targum on Song of Songs; introduction, eclectic text, English translation, comparative notes, and glossary. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1991.
• J. B. - Z. Segal, “Neo-Aramaic Proverbs of the Jews of Zakho”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 251-270, 1955.

General

• A. Ben-Jacob, Ḳehilot Yehude Kurdistan: Be-tseruf shirim u-fiyuṭim. Jerusalem: Mekhon Ben-Tsevi, 1961.
• E. Brauer and Peti, R., Yehude Kurdistan: meḥḳar etnologi. Jerusalem: ha-Makhon ha-Eretsyiśreʼeli le-folḳlor ṿe-etnologyah, 1961.
• D. Cohen, “Neo-Aramaic”, in Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed., Farmington Hills: Thomson Gale, 2007, pp. 70-72.
• S. A. Hopkins, “Yehude Kurdistan b-eres Yisrael uleshonam: Pe’amim”, Studies in Oriental Jewry, vol. 56, pp. 50–74, 1993.
• Y. Sabar, The Folk literature of the Kurdistani Jews: an anthology. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983.
• Y. Sabar, “On the Nature of the Oral Translations of the Book of Exodus in Neo-Aramaic”, Maarav, vol. 5-6, pp. 311-317, 1990.

Christian: Urmia group

Dictionaries

• S. David, The First English-Chaldean Dictionary/Chaldean-English, 2 vol. Chicago: [Publisher unidentified], 1924.
• A. J. MacLean, A Dictionary of the Dialects of Vernacular Syriac, as Spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, Northwest Persia, and the Plain of Mosul. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1901.
• A. J. Oraham, Oraham's dictionary of the stabilized and enriched Assyrian language and English. Chicago: Consolidated Press (Assyrian Press of America), 1943.
• V. V. Shumanov, Kunnash melle psiqa rushnaya-athuraya. St. Petersburg: Pras-Atra, 1993. [Russian-Modern Syriac]

Grammars, etc.

• S. E. Fox, The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Jilu. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1997.
• R. Hetzron, “The Morphology of the Verb in Modern Syriac (Christian Colloquial of Urmi)”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 112-127, 1969.
• H. Jacobi, Grammatik des thumischen Neuaramäisch (Nordostsyrien), vol. 3. Wiesbaden: Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft, 1973.
• A. J. MacLean, Grammar of the Dialect of Vernacular Syriac as Spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1895.
• O. Kapeliuk, Grammaire néo-syriaque pour écoles d'adultes: dialecte d'Urmia, 2nd ed. Paris: Geuthner, 1976.
• T. Nöldeke, Grammatik der neusyrischen Sprache: Am Urmia-See und in Kurdistan. Leipzig: T.O. Weigel, 1868.
• E. Y. Odisho, The sound system of modern Assyrian (Neo-Aramaic). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1988.
• H. J. Polotsky, “The Verb with Two objects in Modern Syriac (Urmi)”, Israel Oriental Studies, vol. 9, pp. 204–227, 1979.
• H. J. Polotsky, “Neusyrische Konjugation”, Orientalia Suecana, vol. 33/35, pp. 323–332, 1984.
  • English translation: H. J. Polotsky, “Modern Syriac Conjugation”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 263–277, 1991.
• H. J. Polotsky, “Notes on Neo-Syriac Grammar”, Israel Oriental Studies, vol. 16, pp. 11-48, 1996.
• D. T. Stoddard, Grammar of the modern Syriac language: as spoken in Oroomiah, Persia, and in Koordistan. New Haven: [Publisher unidentified], 1855.
• K. Tsereteli, Grammatik der modernen assyrischen Sprache (Neuostaramäisch). Leipzig: Verlag Enzyklopädie, 1978.

Texts

• E. Cerulli and Pennacchietti, F. A., Testi neo-aramaici dell’Iran settentrionale. Naples: Oriental Institute of Naples, 1971.
• J. Friedrich, Zwei russische Novellen in neusyrischer Übersetzung und Lateinschrift: Deutsche morgenländische Gesellschaft. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1960.
  • Review in R. Macuch, “Zu J. Friedrichs Arbeiten über das Neusyrische aus der Sowjetunion”, Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, vol. 57, pp. 117-125, 1962.
  • H. J. Polotsky, “Reviewed Work: Zwei russische Novellen in neusyrischer Übersetzung und Lateinschrift (= Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, XXXIII, 4) by Johannes Friedrich”, Orientalia, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 273-283, 1962. [= H. J. Polotsky, “Review of Friedrich, Zwei russische Novellen in Neusyrischer Übersetzung und Lateinschrift”, Y. Qūṭšer, Ed. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University, 1971, pp. 617-627.]
• R. Macuch and Panoussi, E., Neusyrische Chrestomathie. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1975.
• A. Merx, Neusyrisches Lesebuch: Texte im Dialecte von Urmia, gesammelt, überaetzt und erklärt. Breslau: Universitäts-Buchdruckerei, 1873.
• F. A. Pennacchietti, Tosco, M., and Cerulli, E., Testi Neo-Aramaici dell’Unione Sovietica raccolti da Enrico Cerulli . Naples: Oriental Institute of the University, 1991.
• K. Tsereteli, Materials on Aramaic Dialectology, I: The Urmia Dialect . Tbilisi: Mecniereba, 1965.
• K. Tsereteli, A Reader of the Modern Assyrian Language with a Dictionary. Tbilisi: Tbilisi University Press, 1980.

General

• R. Macuch, Geschichte der spät- und neusyrischen Literatur. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1976.
• H. L. Murre- van den Berg, “From a spoken to a written language: the introduction and development of literary Urmia Aramaic in the nineteenth century”, Rijksuniversiteit, Leiden, 1999.
• H. J. Polotsky, “Studies in Modern Syriac”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 6, pp. 1–32, 1961.

Christian: Mosul group

Grammars, etc.

• I. Guidi, “Beitrage zur Kenntnis des neuaram: Fellihi-Dialekts”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, vol. 37, pp. 293–318, 1883.
• G. Krotkoff, A Neo-Aramaic dialect of Kurdistan: texts, grammar, and vocabulary. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1983.
• J. Rhétoré, Grammaire de la langue soureth ou chaldéen vulgaire: selon le dialecte de la plaine de Mossoul et des pays adjacents. Mosul: Impr. des Pères Dominicains, 1912.
• Y. Sabar, “The Christian Neo-Aramaic Dialects of Zakho and Dihok”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 115, no. 1, pp. 33–51, 1995.
• E. Sachau, Skizze des Fellichi-Dialekts von Mosul. Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1865.
• S. I. Sara, A Description of Modern Chaldean. The Hague: Mouton, 1974.

Texts

• M. Lidzbarski, Die neu-aramäischen Handschriften der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin, vol. 1, 2 vol. Weimar: Felber, 1896.
• M. Lidzbarski, Die neu-aramäischen Handschriften der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin, vol. 2, 2 vol. Weimar: Felber, 1896.
• E. Sachau, “Über die Poesie in der Volkssprache der Nestorianer”, Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 179-216, 1896.
• A. Socin, Die neu-aramäischen Dialekte von Urmia bis Mosul: Texte und Übersetzung. Tübingen: Verlag der Laupp'schen Buchhandlung, 1882.
• NB: Texts in Lidzbarski and Socin are in other dialects as well.

Christian: Hertevin

• O. Jastrow, Der neuaramäische Dialekt von Hertevin: Provinz Siirt. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1988.
  • Review in G. Goldenberg, “Review Article: Otto Jastrow, Der neuaramäische Dialekt von Hertevin (Proving Siirt)”, Journal of Semitic Studies, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 295–308, 1993.

Eastern Dialects: Modern Mandaic

Grammar

• R. Macuch, Handbook of Classical and Modern Mandaic. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1965.

Texts

• R. Macuch and Boekels, K., Neumandäische Chrestomathie: mit grammatischer Skizze, kommentierter Übersetzung und Glossar. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1989.
• R. Macuch and Dankwarth, G., Neumandäische Texte im dialekt von Ahwāz. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1993.

Bibliography

• B. Poizat, Une bibliographie commentée pour le Neo-Araméen. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1991.
• G. Krotkoff, “An Annotated Bibliography of Neo-Aramaic”, in Studies in Neo-Aramaic, W. Heinrichs, Ed. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989, pp. 3–26.
• Y. Sabar, “A Bibliography of Secondary Literature on Neo-Aramaic [1]”, Jewish Language Review, vol. 1, pp. 123–125, 1981.
• Y. Sabar, “A Bibliography of Secondary Literature on Neo-Aramaic [2]”, Jewish Language Review, vol. 2, p. 98, 1982.

• 1. All works cited can be found here
• 2. W. Röllig, Kanaanaische und aramaische Inschriften: Texte, vol. 1, 2 vol. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1962.; H. Donner and Röllig, W., Kanaanaische und aramäische Inschriften, 3 vol. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1964.
• 3. Not included in original outline

NB: the bibliographies below are mostly presented in chronological order of publication.  ** Denotes useful introductory works. 

Works Cited

INTRODUCTIONS

• **S. P. Brock and Emerton, J. A., “An Introduction to Syriac Studies”, in Horizons in Semitic Studies: Articles for the Student, Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1980, pp. 1–33.
• **M. Albert, “Langue et litterature syriaques”, in Christianismes orientaux: Introduction à l'étude des langues et des littératures, Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1993, pp. 297–375.
• P. - H. Poirier, “La documentation patristique dans le domaine syriaque”, in La documentation patristique, J. - C. Fredouille and Roberge, R. M., Eds. Quebec: Laval University Press, 1995, pp. 149–155.
• P. Bettiolo, “Lineamenti di patrologia siriaca”, in Complementi interdisciplinari di patrologia, A. Quacquarelli, Ed. Rome: Città Nuova, 1969, pp. 503-603.

Histories of Syriac Literature

• W. Wright, A Short History of Syriac Literature. London: Black, 1894.
• **R. Duval, La littérature syriaque. Paris: Victor Lecoffre, 1907.
  • Probably still the best general introduction.
• A. Baumstark, Geschichte der syrischen Literatur, mit Ausschluss der christlich-palästinensischen Texte. Bonn: A. Marcus and E. Webers, 1922.
  • The standard reference work.
• **J. - B. Chabot, Littérature syriaque. Paris: Librarie Bloud et Gay, 1935.
• D. L. O'Leary, Syriac Church and Fathers: A Brief Review of the Subject. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1909.
• **I. O. de Urbina, Patrologia Syriaca. Rome: Pontifical Institute, 1958.
  • Useful for a quick orientation.
• R. Macuch, Geschichte der spat- und neusyrischen Literatur. Berlin / New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1976.
  • Baumstark to present day, including Modern Syriac.
• **S. P. Brock, A brief outline of Syriac literature. Kottayam: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute, 1987. 
  • Includes main writers with bibliographies on select topics and samples from many writers in translation.
• P. Bettiolo, “Letteratura siriaca”, in Padri orientali (sec. V-VIII), vol. 1, Genova: Marietti, 2000, pp. 413-493.
• A. Barsoum, The scattered pearls : a history of Syriac literature and sciences, Revised. Piscataway: Gorgias Press, 2003.
  • Older version published as A. Barsoum, The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences, 2nd ed. New York, 1965. 

• There are important works by Middle Eastern scholars: 

  • A. Barsoum (in Arabic and Syriac; for English translation, see above); A. Abouna (Arabic), and P. Sarmas (Modern Syriac): these are used by Macuch. Much basic information is still to be found in J.S. Assemani, Bibliotheca Orientalis (1719–1728; 3 vols; reprinted, 1975).1
  • Useful and often substantial articles on some main Syriac writers can be found especially in the Dictionnaire de spiritualité2 and the Theologische Realenzyklopädie.3 Many briefer ones in Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche (2nd ed.).

Historical Background

No single work available, but the following are important:

• J. Labourt, Le christianisme dans l'empire perse sous la dynaste Sassanide (224-632). Paris: Lecoffre, 1904.
• **W. A. Wigram, An Introduction to the history of the Assyrian Church or the Church of the Sassanid Persian Empire 100-640 A.D. London: Christian Knowledge Society, 1910.
  • To the 7th cent.
• W. A. Wigram, The Separation of the Monophysites. London: Faith Press, 1923.
• J. - M. Fiey, Jalons pour une histoire de l'église en Iraq. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1970.
  • To the 7th cent.
• J. B. - Z. Segal, Edessa: "The Blessed City". Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.
• W. H. C. Frend, The rise of the monophysite movement: chapters in the history of the church in the fifth and sixth centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972.
• W. G. Young, “Patriarch, shah and caliph: a study of the relationships of the Church of the East with the Sassanid Empire and the early Caliphates up to 820 A.D. with special reference to available translated Syriac sources”, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, 1974. 
• S. Gero, Barsauma of Nisibis and Persian Christianity in the Fifth Century. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1981. 
• **W. S. MacCullough, A short history of Syriac Christianity to the rise of Islam. Chico: Scholars Press, 1982. 
• *S. H. Moffett, A History of Christianity in Asia: Beginnings to 1500, vol. 1, 2 vol. San Francisco: Harper, 1992.

For the Islamic period:

• P. Kawerau, Die jakobitische Kirche im Zeitalter der syrischen Renaissance: Idee und worklichkeit. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1955.
• W. Hage, Die syrisch-jakobitische Kirche in frühislamischen Zeit. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1966.
• H. Putman, L'Église et l'Islam sous Timothée I. Beirut: Dar el-Machreq, 1975.
• J. - M. Fiey, Chrétiens syriaques sous les Mongols. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1975.
• J. - M. Fiey, Chrétiens syriaques sous les Abbasides. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1980.
• I. Gillman and Klimkeit, H. - J., Christians in Asia before 1500. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999.
• E. Tisserant, “Nestorienne (église)”, Dictionnaire de théologie catholique, vol. 16, pp. 73-84, 1862.
  •  Pp. 73-84 

Topography

• E. Honigmann, Évêques et évêchés monophysites au VIe siècle. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1951.
• E. Honigmann, Le couvent de Barsauma et le patriarcat jacobite. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1954.
• J. - M. Fiey, Assyrie chrétienne, 3 vol. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1968. 
• J. - M. Fiey, Nisibe: métropole syriaque orientale et ses suffragants des origines à nos jours. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1977.
• J. - M. Fiey, Communautes syriaques en Iran et Iraq des origines à 1552. London: Variorum Reprints, 1979.
• D. Wilmshurst, The ecclesiastical organisation of the Church of the East, 1318 - 1913. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 2000.
• Many useful articles in Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastique.

Miscellaneous, and collections of articles

• A. Vööbus, A History of Asceticism in the Syrian Orient (I), vol. 1, 3 vol. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1958.
• A. Vööbus, A History of Asceticism in the Syrian Orient (II), vol. 2, 3 vol. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1960.
• A. Vööbus, A History of Asceticism in the Syrian Orient (III), vol. 3, 3 vol. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1988.
• A. Vööbus, History of the School of Nisibis. Louvain: Secretariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1965.
• **R. Murray, Symbols of Church and Kingdom: A Study in Early Syriac Tradition, 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.
  • Second edition: R. Murray, Symbols of Church and Kingdom: A Study in Early Syriac Tradition, 2nd ed. London/New York: T&T Clark, 2006.
• N. G. Garsoïan, Mathews, T. F., and Thomson, R. W., East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the formative period. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Center for Byzantine Studies, 1982.
• **S. Beggiani, Early Syriac theology: with special reference to the Maronite tradition, Revised. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2014.
• S. Beggiani, Introduction to Eastern Christian Sprituality: The Syriac Tradition. Scranton: University of Scranton Press, 1991. 
• **H. J. W. Drijvers, East of Antioch. London: Variorum Reprints, 1984.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, History and Religion in Late Antique Syria. Aldershot Brookfield: Variorum, 1994. 
• **S. P. Brock, Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity. Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 1984.
• S. P. Brock, Studies in Syriac christianity: history, literature and theology. Aldershot: Variorum, 2001.
• **J. F. Coakley and Parry, K., Eds., “The Church of the East: Life and Thought”, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, vol. 78, no. 3, 1996.
• Symposium Syriacum I–VII = Orientalia Christiana Analecta 197, 205, 221, 229, 236, 247, 256.4
• Festschriften for the following scholars contain many articles on Syriac studies: G. Khouri-Sarkis (1969); F. Graffin (1974); A. Vööbus (1977); W. Strothmann (1978); A. van Roey (1985); A. Guillaumont (1988); W. Hage (1995); J-M. Fiey (1996); S.P. Brock (1996); H.J.W. Drijvers (1999).

Bibliographies

• C. Moss, Catalogue of Syriac Printed Books and Related Literature in the British Museum. London: British Museum, 1962.
• S. P. Brock, Syriac Studies: A Classified Bibliography (1960–1990). Lebanon: Université Saint-Esprit de Kaslik, 1996.
• S. P. Brock, “Syriac Studies: A Classified Bibliography (1991–1995)”, Parole de l'Orient, vol. 23, pp. 241-350, 1998.
• S. P. Brock, “Select bibliography”, in Classical Syriac: a basic grammar with a chrestomathy, 2nd ed., T. Muraoka, Ed. Harrassowitz: Wiesbaden, 2005, pp. 127-156.

History of Syriac Studies

• W. Strothmann and Widmannstetter, J. A., Die Anfange der syrischen Studien in Europa, vol. 1. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1971.
• S. P. Brock, “The Development of Syriac Studies”, in The Edward Hincks Bicentenary Lectures, K. J. Cathcart, Ed. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1994, pp. 94–113.
• S. P. Brock, “Syriac Studies in the Last Three Decades: Some Reflections”, in VI Symposium Syriacum 1992 : University of Cambridge, Faculty of Divinity, 30 August-2 September 1992, R. Lavenant, Ed. Rome: Oriental Pontifical Institute, 1994, pp. 13–29.
• A. de Halleux, “Vingt ans d'étude critique des églises syriaques”, in The Christian East, its institutions & its thought: a critical reflection; papers of the International Scholary [sic] Congress for the 75th Anniversary of the Pontifical Oriental Institute, Rome, 30 May-5 June 1993, R. F. Taft, Ed. Rome: Oriental Institute, 1996, pp. 145–179.

Text Series

• Patrologia Syriaca (PS; 3 vols), with Latin translation.
  • J. Parisot, Aphraatis Sapientis Persae Demonstrationes, vol. 1. Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1894.
  • J. Parisot, Aphraatis Sapientis Persae Demonstrationes, vol. 2. Paris: Firmin-Didot et socii, 1907.
  • M. Kmosko, Liber Graduum. Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1926.
• Patrologia Orientalis (PO; in progress; many Syriac texts, with translation).
  • If volumes are available online you will find a list at R. Pearse, “Patrologia Orientalis (PO) PDF's”. 2012.
• Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium (CSCO), Scriptores Syri (in progress; text and translation in separate volumes).
• Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe Syriaca (GOFS; in progress; with German translation).

Main relevant periodicals:

• L'Orient syrien (1956–1967) [index in Memorial G. Khouri Sarkis (1969)]
  • “L'Orient syrien”. 1956.
• Parole de l'orient
  • ​“Parole de l’orient”. 1970.
• Oriens Christianus
  • ​“Oriens Christianus”. 1901.
• Orientalia Christiana Periodica
  • ​“Orientalia Christiana Periodica”. 1935.
• Le Muséon
  • ​“Le Muséon: Revue d'études orientales”. 1881.
• Analecta Bollandiana [for hagiography]
  • “Analecta bollandiana”. 1882.
• The Harp
  • ​“The Harp: a review of Syriac and Oriental studies”. 1978.​
• Aram
  • ​“ARAM Periodical”. 1989.
• Revue de l'orient chrétien [Includes many important articles despite being long defunct]
  • “Revue de l’orient chrétien”. 1896.
• Journal of the Aramaic Bible
  • ​“Journal for the Aramaic Bible”. 1999.
• Hugoye
  • “Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies”. 1998.

EARLY SYRIAC CHRISTIANITY (General)

• L. W. Barnard, “The Origins and Emergence of the Church in Edessa during the First Two Centuries”, Vigiliae Christianae, vol. 22, pp. 161–175, 1968.
• W. Bauer, Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1934.
• S. Beggiani, Early Syriac theology: with special reference to the Maronite tradition, Revised. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2014.
• S. Beggiani, Introduction to Eastern Christian Sprituality: The Syriac Tradition. Scranton: University of Scranton Press, 1991.
• S. P. Brock, Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity. Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 1984.
• S. P. Brock, Studies in Syriac christianity: history, literature and theology. Aldershot: Variorum, 2001.
• S. P. Brock, “Eusebius and Syriac Christianity”, in Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism, H. W. Attridge and Hata, G., Eds. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1992, pp. 212–234.
• S. P. Brock, “Greek and Syriac in Late Antique Syria”, in Literacy Power in the Ancient World, A. K. Bowman and Woolf, G., Eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 149–160.
  • Not fully available online
• D. D. Bundy, “Christianity in Syria”, in Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 1, 6 vol., D. N. Freedman, Ed. New York: Doubleday, 1992, pp. 970–979.
• F. C. Burkitt, Early eastern Christianity: St. Margaret's lectures, 1904, on the Syriac-speaking church. London: John Murray, 1904.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, East of Antioch. London: Variorum Reprints, 1984.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, History and Religion in Late Antique Syria. Aldershot Brookfield: Variorum, 1994.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Jews and Christians at Edessa”, Journal of Jewish Studies, vol. 36, pp. 88-102, 1985.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Syrian Christianity and Judaism”, in The Jews Among Pagans and Christians in the Roman Empire, J. Lieu, North, J., and Rajak, T., Eds. London: Routledge, 1992, pp. 124–146.
• F. Millar, The Roman near East 31 B.C.-337 A.D. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1997.
• R. Murray, Symbols of Church and Kingdom: A Study in Early Syriac Tradition, 2nd ed. London/New York: T&T Clark, 2006.
• R. Murray, “The Features of the Earliest Christian Asceticism”, in Christian Spirituality: Studies in Honour of E.G. Rupp, P. Brooks, Ed. London: SCM Press, 1975, pp. 65-77.
• R. Murray, “The Characteristics of Earliest Syriac Christianity”, in East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the formative period, N. G. Garsoïan, Mathews, T. F., and Thomson, R. W., Eds. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Center for Byzantine Studies, 1982, pp. 3-16.
• J. B. - Z. Segal, Edessa: "The Blessed City". Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.
• J. B. - Z. Segal, “When did Christianity come to Edessa? ”, in Middle East Studies and Libraries, J. D. Pearson and Bloomfield, B. C., Eds. London: Mansell, 1980, pp. 179–191. 
• M. Weitzman, “From Judaism to Christianity: the Syriac Version of the Hebrew Bible”, in The Jews Among Pagans and Christians in the Roman Empire, J. Lieu, North, J., and Rajak, T., Eds. London: Routledge, 1992, pp. 147–173.

THE ORIGINS AND CHARACTER OF EARLY SYRIAC CHRISTIANITY (Topical)

Earliest Syriac Christianity

• F. C. Burkitt, Early eastern Christianity: St. Margaret's lectures, 1904, on the Syriac-speaking church. London: John Murray, 1904.
• H. E. W. Turner, The pattern of Christian truth: a study in the relations between orthodoxy and heresy in the early church; Bampton lectures 1954. London: A.R. Mowbray & Co, 1954.
  • Pp. 39–46 partially available at Google Books.
  • Pp. 85–94 partially available at Google Books.
• J. C. L. Gibson, “From Qumran to Edessa, or the Aramaic speaking church before and after AD 70”, Annual of the Leeds University Oriental Society , vol. 5, pp. 24–39, 1965.
• L. W. Barnard, “The Origins and Emergence of the Church in Edessa during the First Two Centuries”, Vigiliae Christianae, vol. 22, pp. 161–175, 1968.

Judaism and Early Syriac Christianity

• W. Bauer, Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1934.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Facts and Problems in Early Syriac-Speaking Christianity”, The Second Century , vol. 2, pp. 157–175, 1984.
  • Reprinted in H. J. W. Drijvers, East of Antioch. London: Variorum Reprints, 1984.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Jews and Christians at Edessa”, Journal of Jewish Studies, vol. 36, pp. 88-102, 1985. 
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Syrian Christianity and Judaism”, in The Jews Among Pagans and Christians in the Roman Empire, J. Lieu, North, J., and Rajak, T., Eds. London: Routledge, 1992, pp. 124–146.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Early Syriac Christianity: Some Recent Publications”, Vigiliae Christianae, vol. 50, pp. 159-177, 1996.

Early Syriac Theology

• R. Murray, Symbols of Church and Kingdom: A Study in Early Syriac Tradition, 2nd ed. London/New York: T&T Clark, 2006.
• R. Murray, “The Characteristics of Earliest Syriac Christianity”, in East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the formative period, N. G. Garsoïan, Mathews, T. F., and Thomson, R. W., Eds. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Center for Byzantine Studies, 1982, pp. 3-16.

Syriac Christianity at Edessa

• D. D. Bundy, “Christianity in Syria”, in Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 1, 6 vol., D. N. Freedman, Ed. New York: Doubleday, 1992, pp. 970–979.
• A. F. J. Klijn, “Christianity in Edessa and the Gospel of Thomas”, Novum Testamentum, vol. 14, pp. 70-77, 1972.
• J. B. - Z. Segal, Edessa: "The Blessed City". Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.
• J. B. - Z. Segal, “When did Christianity come to Edessa? ”, in Middle East Studies and Libraries, J. D. Pearson and Bloomfield, B. C., Eds. London: Mansell, 1980, pp. 179–191.

ADDAI LEGEND

• Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 1.13.
  • W. Wright and McLean, N., The Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius in Syriac Edited from the Manuscripts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1898.
    • Syriac Text
  • E. Nestle, Die Kirchengeschichte des Eusebius aus dem Syrischen übersetzt. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs, 1901.
    • German Translation
• G. Howard, The Teaching of Addai. Chico: Scholars Press, 1981.
• S. P. Brock, “Eusebius and Syriac Christianity”, in Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism, H. W. Attridge and Hata, G., Eds. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1992, pp. 212–234.

EDESSA ICON AND TURIN SHROUD

• A. Cameron, The sceptic and the shroud: an inaugural lecture in the Departments of Classics and History delivered at King's College London on 29th April 1980. London: King's College London, 1980.
  • Reprinted in A. Cameron, “The Sceptic and the Shroud”, in Continuity and change in sixth-century Byzantium, London: Variorum Reprints, 1981.

EVIDENCE OF THE SYRIAC OLD TESTAMENT

• S. P. Brock, “The Peshitta Old Testament Between Judaism and Christianity”, Cristianesimo nella Storia, vol. 19, pp. 483–502, 1988.
• M. Weitzman, “From Judaism to Christianity: the Syriac Version of the Hebrew Bible”, in The Jews Among Pagans and Christians in the Roman Empire, J. Lieu, North, J., and Rajak, T., Eds. London: Routledge, 1992, pp. 147–173.
• M. Weitzman, The Syriac Version of the Old Testament. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • See ch.5.

EARLY INSCRIPTIONS AND THREE LEGAL DOCUMENTS IN SYRIAC (DATED 240, 242, AND 243 CE)

• S. P. Brock, “Some New Syriac Documents from the Third Century AD”, ARAM, vol. 3, pp. 259–267, 1991.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “A Tomb for the Life of a King: A Recently Discovered Edessene Mosaic with a Portrait of King Abgar the Great”, Le Muséon, vol. 95, pp. 167–189, 1982.
  • Compare J. B. - Z. Segal, “A note on a mosaic from Edessa”, Syria, vol. 60, pp. 107–110, 1983.
• H. J. W. Drijvers and Healey, J. F., The Old Syriac Inscriptions of Edessa and Osrhoene: texts, translations and commentary, vol. 42. Leiden: Brill, 1999.
• F. Millar, The Roman near East 31 B.C.-337 A.D. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1997.
  • Pp. 452–488.

DISCERNING THE CHARACTER OF EARLY EDESSENE CHRISTIANITY: SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

• F. C. Burkitt, Early eastern Christianity: St. Margaret's lectures, 1904, on the Syriac-speaking church. London: John Murray, 1904.
  • Ch.1.
• W. Bauer, Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1934.
• H. E. W. Turner, The pattern of Christian truth: a study in the relations between orthodoxy and heresy in the early church; Bampton lectures 1954. London: A.R. Mowbray & Co, 1954.
  • Pp. 39–46 partially available at Google Books.
  • Pp. 85–94 partially available at Google Books.
• J. C. L. Gibson, “From Qumran to Edessa, or the Aramaic speaking church before and after AD 70”, Annual of the Leeds University Oriental Society , vol. 5, pp. 24–39, 1965.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, The book of the laws of countries: dialogue on fate of Bardaiṣan of Edessa. Assen: Van Gorcum & Comp, 1965.
• H. Koster, “Gnomai diaphorai”, Harvard Theological Review , vol. 58, pp. 290–306, 1965.
• L. W. Barnard, “The Origins and Emergence of the Church in Edessa during the First Two Centuries”, Vigiliae Christianae, vol. 22, pp. 161–175, 1968.
• J. B. - Z. Segal, Edessa: "The Blessed City". Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.
• A. F. J. Klijn, “Christianity in Edessa and the Gospel of Thomas”, Novum Testamentum, vol. 14, pp. 70-77, 1972.
• R. Murray, Symbols of Church and Kingdom: A Study in Early Syriac Tradition, 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.
• S. P. Brock, “Some Aspects of Greek Words in Syriac”, in Synkretismus im syrisch-persischen Kulturgebiet, A. Dietrich, Ed. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1975, pp. 80–108.
  • Reprinted in S. P. Brock, Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity. Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 1984.
• S. P. Brock, “Jewish Traditions in Syriac Sources”, Journal of Jewish Studies, vol. 30, pp. 212–232, 1979.
• J. B. - Z. Segal, “When did Christianity come to Edessa? ”, in Middle East Studies and Libraries, J. D. Pearson and Bloomfield, B. C., Eds. London: Mansell, 1980, pp. 179–191.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, Cults and Beliefs at Edessa. Leiden: Brill, 1980.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Edessa”, Theologische Realenzyklopädie, vol. 9, pp. 177–188, 1981.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “A Tomb for the Life of a King: A Recently Discovered Edessene Mosaic with a Portrait of King Abgar the Great”, Le Muséon, vol. 95, pp. 167–189, 1982.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Facts and Problems in Early Syriac-Speaking Christianity”, The Second Century , vol. 2, pp. 157–175, 1984.
• R. Murray, “The Characteristics of Earliest Syriac Christianity”, in East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the formative period, N. G. Garsoïan, Mathews, T. F., and Thomson, R. W., Eds. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Center for Byzantine Studies, 1982, pp. 3-16.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “East of Antioch”, in East of Antioch, London: Variorum Reprints, 1984.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Jews and Christians at Edessa”, Journal of Jewish Studies, vol. 36, pp. 88-102, 1985.
• S. P. Brock, “The Lost Old Syriac at Luke 1:35 and the Earliest Syriac Terms for the Incarnation”, in Gospel Traditions in the Second Century, W. L. Petersen and Aland, B., Eds. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame press, 1989, pp. 117–131.
• J. Teixidor, “Deux documents syriaques du IIIe siècle après J-C provenant du Moyen Euphrate”, Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, vol. 134, no. 1, pp. 146–166, 1990.
• J. Joosten, “The Old Testament Quotations in the Old Syriac and Peshitta Gospels: A Contribution to the Study of the Diatessaron”, Textus, vol. 15, pp. 55-76, 1990.
• H. J. W. Drijvers, “Syrian Christianity and Judaism”, in The Jews Among Pagans and Christians in the Roman Empire, J. Lieu, North, J., and Rajak, T., Eds. London: Routledge, 1992, pp. 124–146.
• M. Weitzman, “From Judaism to Christianity: the Syriac Version of the Hebrew Bible”, in The Jews Among Pagans and Christians in the Roman Empire, J. Lieu, North, J., and Rajak, T., Eds. London: Routledge, 1992, pp. 147–173.
• S. P. Brock, “Eusebius and Syriac Christianity”, in Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism, H. W. Attridge and Hata, G., Eds. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1992, pp. 212–234.
• S. P. Brock, “Some New Syriac Documents from the Third Century AD”, ARAM, vol. 3, pp. 259–267, 1991.
• J. Teixidor, “Un document syriaque de fermage de 242 après J-C”, Semitica, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 195–208, 1993.
• F. Millar, The Roman near East 31 B.C.-337 A.D. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1997.
• S. P. Brock, “Historical Fiction in Fifth-Century Edessa: The Teaching of Addai and Some Related Texts”, in Edessa from the fourth century to the Arab conquest: Syriac Studies Symposium , Brown University, 1991.